
TRUTH 



All glorious Truth ! thy ra.diant light 

Dispels the dark sujphurious gloom of night ; 

Firm as a rock that rears its ancient head, 

With deep foundation laid on ocean's bed : 

Though lightnings flash, though seas and thunders roar. 

Thou wilt remain when Time shall be no more. 






HISTORICAL 








HISTORICAL, 
POETICAL AND PICTORIAL 

AMERICAN SCENES; 



PRINCIPALLY 



MORAL AND RELIGIOUS 



BEING A SELECTION OF 



INTERESTING INCIDENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY 



TO WHICH IS ADDED 



A HISTORICAL SKETCH, OF EACH OF THE 

UNITED STATES. 



By JOHN W BARBER, 

(Author of Connecticut and Massachusetts Hist. Collections,) 

AND ELIZABETH G. BARBER. 



CINCINNATI, OHIO: 

PUBLISHED BY JOHN H. JOHNSON. 

1851. 



c:-> 



<^^'^ 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1850, 

By JOHN W. BARBER, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the District of Conn. 



Stereotyped by J. H. BU^HAM, 
New Haven. Conn. 



PREFACE. 



The object of this work, is to present to the reader a 
series of Historical Incidents in American History, (some 
of which may not be generally known,) in an historical, 
pictorial, and poetic form. We are aware that the plan 
of this work differs from any we have yet seen, but we 
flatter ourselves that it will be found interesting and in- 
structive. 

In the historical introduction to each of the scenes de- 
scribed, we have aimed at accuracy and simplicity ; in 
the lines that follow, there is, of course, latitude given to 
introduce moral and religious reflections. Whatever we 
have advanced of this nature, we trust will be found 
in accordance with the great and vital principles of 
Christianity. Instead of glorifying mere military he- 
roes, as is too often the case among all nations, we 
have aimed to give prominence to men who practised 
the virtues of Christianity. Such men only are the real 
patriots and nobles of the human race, and such only are 
worthy of lasting remembrance. 

In some instances, in the composition of the stanzas, 
we have not hesitated to use the language, or mode of 
expression used by others, whenever it would forcibly 
convey what we wished to present. Simple illustrations 



of the great truths of religion and morality have been 
aimed at, rather than originality of thought, or elegance 
of diction. As this work is of an historical nature, it 
was deemed proper to add a short historical sketch of the 
history of each State, to which is prefixed the " armorial 
bearings," or ^^coat of arms ^^ of each State, in a more 
perfect form, it is thought, than they ever yet have been 
exhibited. 

Whatever may be thought of this work as a mere lit- 
erary production, we have aimed to produce strictly an 
American Book, the influence of which, we trust, will 
be found on the side of "God and humanity ;" and we 
believe some part of it, at least, will, in some form, live, 
after we, father and daughter, have left these mortal scenes. 

J. W. B. 
E. G. B. 

New Haven, Conn., April, 1850. 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 
The Pilgrim Fathers, . . 7 
Ancient Church of Jamest'n, 10 

Pocahontas, 13 

The Indian Mother, . . 14 

Massasoit, 16 

The Grave of Lady Fenwick, 18 
First Settlers of Connecticut, 20 
Roger Williams, - ... 24 
The Regicide Judges, . . 26 
Deliverance of Hadley, . 29 
Preservation of Mr. Stoddard, 32 
William Penn, .... 34 
The Salem Martyrs, . . 36 
The Indian Reformer, . . 38 
Destruction of D' Anville's 

Fleet, 40 

Zinzendorf, 42 

Rescue of Major Putnam, 46 
The True Wife and Mother, 48 
The Mother's Voice, . . 51 
Col, Boone's First View of 

Kentucky, 54 

Anthony Benezet, ... 66 
Founding of Dartmouth 

College, . . . . , 58 



Page. 
Washington's Acknov\4- 

edgment, 60 

Gen. Reed refusing the 

Bribe, 62 

Passing the Delaware, . . 64 
Washington at Morristown, 67 
Funeral of Gen. Frazer, . 69 
Count Donop, .... 72 
Death of Baron DeKalb, . 75 
Moravian Indian Martyrs, 77 
Prince Gallitzin, ... 80 
Council of the Mohawk 

Women, 82 

Campbell's Grave, ... 85 
The Western Missionary, 88 
Perilous Passage on the Lakes,90 
Shenandoa, the Oneida Chief, 93 
First Born of the Reserve, 96 

Han Yerry, 98 

The Indian Blessing on 

New Jersey, .... 100 
The Mother Perishing with 

Cold. 102 

Church in the Wilderness, 104 
Thanksgiving, .... 106 



VI 


CONTENTS. 




MAINE, .... 
NEW HAMPSHIRE, 
VERMONT, . . . 

MASSACHUSETTS, 


Pago. 
109 
111 
113 
115 


OHIO, 

KENTUCKY, . 

TENNESSEE, . 
MICHIGAN, . . 


Page, 
. 147 
. 149 
. 151 
. 153 


RHODE ISLAND, . 


117 


INDIANA, . . 


. 155 


CONNECTICUT, . 


. 119 


ILLINOIS, . . . 


. 156 


NEW YORK, . . 


121 


MISSOURI, . . 


. 158 


NEW JERSEY, . . 


123 


ARKANSAS, . . 


. 160 


PENNSYLVANIA, . 


. 125 


TEXAS, . . . 


. 161 


DELAWARE, . . 


127 


WISCONSIN, . . 


. 163 


MARYLAND, . . 


129 


IOWA, 


. 165 


VIRGINIA, . . . 


131 


CALIFORNIA, . 


. 166 


NORTH CAROLINA, 


133 


OREGON, . . . . 


. 167 


SOUTH CAROLINA, 


135 


NEW MEXICO, . 


. 167 


GEORGIA, . . . 


137 


MINNESOTA, . 


. 168 


FLORIDA, . . . 


139 


DESERET, . . . 


. 168 


ALABAMA, . . . 


141 


Discoveries and Settlen 


ients,169 


MISSISSIPPI, . . 


143 


War of the Revolution 


, . 173 


LOUISIANA, . . 


• 145 


One of Many, . . 


. 177 


INTERESTING 


EYEN^ 


rs, ANTIQUITIES, & 


c. 


Round Tower at Newpoi 


rt, 181 


Escape of the Dusts 


m 


Mortal Sickness among 




Family 


. 196 


the Indians, . . . 


. 183 


Burial of Mr. Treat, . 


. 198 


Peqiiot Expedition, . 


. 185 


Swedish Church at Wi 


1- 


Death of Marquette, . 


. 187 


mington, . . . . 


. 200 


First Settlers of Granvill 


e, 189 


Church of the Blmd 




Attack on Brookfield, 


. 192 


Preacher, . . . . 


. 202 


Destruction of Schenecta( 


ly,194 







N^ 



/ 




Landing of the Fathers at Plymouth, 

THE PILGRIM FATHERS. 
The Colony at Plymouth, Mass., was the first permanent Eu- 
ropean settlement in New England. It was planted principally 
for the sake of the free and undisturbed enjoyment of religious 
liberty. Being persecuted in England, their native country, they 
went to Holland in 1608, where they remained till they sailed 
for America. Having procurred two small ships, they departed 
from Leyden, after having kept a day of fasting and prayer, with 
Mr. Robinson, their pastor, for God to direct them on their way. 
They proceeded to Plymouth, Eng., one of their ships being con- 
demned, the other, called the May Flower, crowded with passen- 
gers, about one hundred in number, put to sea, September 6th. 
After a long and dangerous passage, they arrived at Cape Cod, 
November 9th. After exploring the country, they finally landed 
at a place they called Plymouth, on the 22d of December, 1620. 
The anniversary of their landing is celebrated by their descendants 
as a religious festival. 

Dark was the day with storms ! Old ocean rolled 
in foam, and dashed its madd'ning billows on the 
shore. Deep moaned the ancient forests to the 



8 

wintry winds. Their naked limbs they stretch 
towards heaven and shiver in the northern blast. 
The green earth, seared by frosts, is stiff with ice, 
and white with snow. 

In by-gone years these western shores were one 
vast wild. The ravening beast, or man more 
savage still, roamed in the forest shade and on the 

misty hill. A snow white sail is seen 

towards the rising sun. A feeble band is on the 
rolling surge. Westward the dove-like sail pursues 
its way. 'Tis like the star of heaven amid the 
shadowy clouds, the harbinger of day. 

A germ of mighty Empire moves within that 
fragile bark. The noblest born of earth are there ; 
the men of soul who go where duty leads, against 
a world in arms. Dauntless in Freedom's holy 
cause, their eye on heaven, they quail not 'neath 
a tyrants' power The mighty God alone they fear, 
and him they love. 

They near the icy shore. No rolling drum, nor 
thundering cannon speak them near. Angelic spirits 
hover round, and guard their onward way. The 
ocean Eagle soared above the foaming waves 
to see a sight so strange. The stormy sea in its 
far distant roar, gave forth its note of joy. The 
gently waving pine, with its soft, solemn music, vast 
and deep, murmured a pleasant welcome. 

Amid the forest gloom, far from their father land, 
they stand undaunted. The sea bird's scream, the 
wolf howl, and the yells of savage men around are 
heard. In God's Great Temple, in the open air, 
they call on Him they love, to guard them from the 
dangers pressing nigh. Their prayer is heard. 
They raise their notes of joy. Their music sweet, 
is borne by winds along, and the wild woods repeat 
their hymn of praise ! 



9 

No glittering mines of gold allured them to this 
distant shore. They sought their wealth above, 
and " Freedom to worship God " on earth. No 
warrior's crown, nor Fame's loud trumpet blast, 
impelled them onward. They sought a brighter, 
yea, a holier, heavenly crown of life, undimmed by 
tears and blood. They sought their honor from 
above, unsoiled, and lasting as eternal years. 

The times of old have rolled away ! the ashes 
of the Pilgrims rest beneath the soil they trod. 
Their spirit lives and broods around. Their sons 
still westward press their way. The forests dark 
and wild, still fall before them. The yellow grain, 
waving in summer glow, and golden corn ripening 
in the autumnal sun, stands thick around. The 
heaven- ward pointing village spire is seen on hill 
and dale. The Star of Empire rises in the mighty 
West! 

Green is the earth o'er the Pilgrim graves, but 
greener and brighter grows their fame. The hate 
of despots can not blast, nor purblind bigot zeal 
tarnish the brightness of their honored names. 
Their record is secure on high : an adamantine 
tower resting on ocean's bed, 'gainst which the an- 
gry surges roar, and foam, and dash in vain ! 

In Freedom's holy cause, our Fathers suffered, 
toiled, and died. The story spreads and widens with 
advancing years. In regions yet unknown, where 
the wild Indian roams, their names will yet be 
known, and their example tell on generations yet 
unborn. A mighty host shall yet arise towards the 
setting sun, on to the broad Pacific sea, who will 
with thrilling accents celebrate that day when the 
lone Pilgrim band first trod the ice-bound shore ! 

J. w. B. 



10 




Ruins of the Church at Jamestown. 

ANCIENT CHURCH AT JAMESTOWN. 

Jamestown, in Virginia, the first permanent British settlement 
in North America, was founded by Capt. John Smith and his 
companions. May 13th, 1607. The only vestiges of this ancient 
town are the remains of the church steeple or tower, about thirty 
feet in height, and a disordered group of tomb stones. The 
precise date when this church was erected can not now be ascer- 
tained, but it is supposed to have been nearly two hundred and 
forty years since. This place has been the scene of many 
interesting events in the early history of Virginia. 



Old church ! beside thy ruined walls 
The same bright waters flow, 

And still the golden sunlight falls 
On thee, as long ago, 

When first amid the solemn wood, 

Tliy walls in stately beauty stood. 



11 

But thou art crumbling to decay, 

This moss grown arch alone 
Tells of the centuries passed away, 

The generations flown ; 
The " dark brown years" with storm and blast. 
And withering blight, have o'er thee passed. 

Where roams the dusky chieftain now ? 

Where blaze the council fires ; 
And where the race of paler brow, 

Virginia's noble sires ? 
The groups who filled yon house of prayer ? 
Echo repeats, and answers " Where ?" 

Lone relic of a by-gone age ; ^ 

The traveler seems to see 
The story traced on History's page. 

Revived again by thee : 
The by-gone years return once more. 
When first the white man trod the shore. 

The gallant ship again has sped. 

Her course the ocean o'er ; 
The snowy sails once more are spread 

By old Powhatan's shore ; 
He seems to see its gallant band 
Tread the fair soil of this new land. 

He seems to see the group that bowed. 

Old church, to worship here ; 
The stately forms of rulers proud. 



12 

The gallant cavalier ; 
The flower of England's chivalry, 
Youth, beauty, age and infancy. 

Here Pocahontas kneels again 

To take the holy vow ; 
And here Powhatan with his train 

Of warriors mingles now ; 
And gallant Rolfe, here claims his bride, 
The Indian Princess by his side. 

Old church, the Fathers long have slept. 
They moulder now with thee ; 

Above thine ancient walls have swept 
The waves of Time's broad sea ; 

Of spire and aisle and arch bereft. 

But little now of thee is left. 

So earth at last must pass away. 
Each stately tower and dome ; 

Its castles proud, its ruins gray ; 
All frail as ocean's foam. 

Swept on by Time's resistless sea. 

And lost in vast eternity. 

But humble hearts that gathered here, 

Shall rise in that great day. 
When the Almighty shall appear. 

And earth shall pass away ; 
Above the mighty wreck shall soar 
To live when " time shall be no more." 



E. G B. 



13 

POCAHONTAS. 

In the preceding stanzas, the marriage of Pocahontas 
with Mr. Rolfe is introduced. The following account 
of this Indian princess, is from Allen's American Bio- 
graphical Dictionary. 

" Pocahontas, daughter of Powhattan, emperor of the Indians 
of Virginia, was born about the year 1595. When Captain Smith 
was taken prisoner in 1607, and it was determined that he should 
be put to death, his head was placed upon two large stones at the 
feet of Powhattan, that a number of Indians, who stood ready with 
lifted clubs, might beat out his brains. At this moment, Pocahon- 
tas rushed to the spot and placed her own head upon his. From 
regard to his daughter, the savage king spared his life. In 1609, 
when but fourteen years of age, she went to Jamestown, in a dreary 
night, and unfolded to Captain Smith a plot, which the Indians had 
formed for the extermination of the English, and thus at the hazard 
of her life saved them from destruction. In 1612, after Captain 
Smith left the colony, she was, for a bribe of a copper kettle, be- 
trayed into the hands of Captain Argal, and detained a prisoner, 
that better terms of peace might be made with her father. He 
offered five hundred bushels of corn for his daughter, but before 
this negotiation was completed, a different and more interesting 
one had commenced. A mutual attachment had sprung up be- 
tween her and Mr. Thomas Rolfe, an Englishman of good charac- 
ter, and with the consent of Powhattan they were married. This 
event restored peace, and secured it for many years. Pocahontas 
soon made a profession of Christianity and was baptized. In 161C 
she accompanied her husband to England, where she was received 
with distinction at court. It is said, that king James expressed 
great indignation, that one of his subjects would dare to marry 
into a royal family. As she was about to embark for Virginia, in 
1617, she died at Gravesend, aged about twenty-two years. She 
is represented as a pious Christian. She left one son, Thomas 
Eolfe ; and from his daughter descended some of the most respec- 
table families in Virginia." 

2 



14 




THE INDIAN MOTHER. 

Pammehanuit, an Indian of distinction, with his wife on Mar- 
tha's Vineyard, having lost five children within ten days of their 
birth, had a sixth child born about the year 1638, a few years be- 
fore the English first settled on the Island. The mother, greatly 
distressed with fear that she should lose this child also, and utterly 
despairing of all human help, took up her little son,andw^ent into 
the fields to weep, alone. While here, it was powerfully im- 
pressed upon her mind, that there is one Great Almighty Being, 
who was to be prayed to for help. She accordingly called on 
this God for mercy, and dedicated her child to him. It lived, and 
afterwards became an eminent minister of Christ to the Indians. 



The Indian Mother mourns her children gone, 
For one by one, to fell disease a prey ; 

Quickly they faded in life's earliest morn, 
And only one is left to cheer her way. 

She looks iipon her child : must he too leave 
Her lonely home for yonder spirit land ? 



15 

Must she be left alone on earth to grieve, 
Bereft of all her smiling household band ? 

Is there no help ? her anxious heart inquires : 
In vain the Indian Powaw tries his skill : 

No savage rite his demon God inspires, 

The mother's heart is sad and cheerless still. 

Despairingly she wanders with her boy, 

Through lonely fields, in sorrow and forlorn, 

When suddenly a blessed gleam of joy 

Breaks on her darkened soul like rays of morn. 

" Oh yes ! there must be one who rules above, 
The Great Good Spirit yet unknown to me, 

The Lord of all, a God of boundless love. 
The mighty maker of the earth and sea. 

He made the sun to rise from ocean's bed. 
And sink behind the western hills at night : 

He makes the moon her silver light to shed. 

The twinkling stars to shine with radiance bright. 

By him the earth in summer verdure glows. 

The forest boughs with smiling green are spread ; 

The yellow corn in plenty he bestows. 

He guards his chosen ones and gives them bread. 

He feeds the little birds that skim the air. 
The fishes gliding through the limpid wave : 

His goodness and his love are every where, 
On him I call, for he alone can save. 

True faith was this, of that untutored mind. 
Though long in darkness she had blindly trod, 

The child she freely thus to Heaven resigned, 
Was spared to be a servant of his God* 



Id 




MASSASOIT, THE INDIAN SACHEM. 

In 1623, Massasoit, the Indian Prince of Sachem, of the Mas- 
sachusetts Indians, being sick, the Governor of Plymouth Colony- 
sent Edward Winslow and Jonn Hambden to make him a visit. 
They arrived at the Sachem's house about midnight, and found 
him surrounded by his people, using their charms and incantations, 
with hideous noises, in order for his recovery. He was so far ex- 
hausted that his sight was gone, but on being informed that two of 
his English friends had come, he desired to speak with Mr. Wins- 
low, regretting that he could never see him more. Mr. Winslow 
then carefully administered cordials which he had brought with 
him, which operated kindly, and soon restored his sight and 
strength. Upon his recovery he said, " Now I know the English 
are my friends and love me, and I shall never forget their kind- 
ness." In gratitude to his English friends, he disclosed a plot 
which the Indians had formed to destroy them. This timely no- 
tice probably saved the colony from destruction. 



Stretched on a bed of pain, the Sachem lay, 
Great Massasoit, to fell disease a prey. 



17 

Darkness broods round ! his soul is filled with fears^ 
Save ! Great Spirit save ! for death appears. 

With savage rites, his tribe a clamorous crowds 
Have gathered round with innovations loud ; 
Louder, and louder rose the horrid strain, 
The chieftain suffers still, and all is vain. 

" His eyes are dim, no more will he behold 
The king of day, with beams of brightest gold : 
The silver moon, the lake, the rock-bound shore,. 
The smiling woodland, he will see no more. 

No longer shall he seek the forest shade. 

Or hunt the deer within the greenwood glade ; 

In love he ruled the warriors of his race. 

But death is near ! who ? who shall fill his place V^ 

So spake his people, as they gathered round 

To see him die ; but hark ! what sudden sound 

Of unexpected joy is heard this hour 1 

Rejoice! the white men come with healing power. 

They come in mercy, and with skillful hand, 
Beside the chieftain's couch, the travelers stand ; 
With soothing care the fell disease is stayed, 
And gratefully, the chieftain owns their aid. 

" The white men are my friends, they love me well !' 
In peace and love we will together dwell " 
No more will we against the white man plot, 
His deed of kindness, shall not be forgot." 

The vow was kept, and as the years rolled round,. 
In Massasoit a faithful friend they found ; 
He ne'er forgot the white man's kindly deed. 
The aid they gave him in his hour of need.. 

2* 



w 




Monument of Lady Fenwick, Saybrook, Conn. 
THE GRAVE OF LADY FENWICK. 

At the mouth of Connecticut River, about forty rods south of 
the remains of Saybrook Fort, is a sort of tabular monument 
erected over the remains of Lady Anne Botcler or Butler, the 
wife of Col. Fenwick, the commander of the fort at Saybrook 
Point. This lady was the daughter of an English nobleman, 
and consequently retained her maiden name. She accompanied 
her husband into this then wilderness, and lived in a rude fort, 
surrounded by hostile savages. She died in 1648, and was buried 
on a small elevation called " Tomb Hill," near the water. Her 
husband afterwards returned to England, and was appointed one 
of the Judges for the trial of Charles I. 

'" The dark brown years have passed over it : she sleeps alone, far from 
the land of her Fathers, ' at the noise of the sounding surge !' Her tomb 
is seen by the mariner, as he passes by on the dark rolling sea!" 

Osaian. 

Not in a sunny vale 
That blooms in beauty in her native isle, 
Not in the heart of some secluded dale, 
Where the blue skies with gentle radiance smile. 



19 

Not in some stately pile, 
Or gorgeous vault beneath her castle home ; 
Not in the Abbey's dim and shadowy aisle, 
Where anthems peal through fretted arch and dome. 

No ! they have made her grave 
Afar, alone ! beside the rolling surge, 
Where ocean birds their dusky pinions lave, 
And foaming billows sound her ceaseless dirge ! 

Far out upon the wave 
Where the wild breezes fill the snowy sail. 
The hardy mariner makes her lonely grave, 
And hears her requiem in the stormy gale. 

Far from her native land. 
Like some fair flower, she slowly drooped and died. 
The fairest, frailest, 'mid the Pilgrim band, 
The gentle daughter of a house of pride. 

What though no costly shrine 
Her hallowed dust with stately pomp should grace. 
The daughter of a long ancestral line. 
Has won a holier, nobler resting place. 

For lofty hearts and true, 
Their holiest tribute to her memory paid ; 
Hands strong, the spirits high commands to do, 
'Mid prayers and tears her resting place have made. 

There let her calmly sleep, 
Where the dark wave her ceaseless requiem sighs, 
Till the last Trump shall break that slumber deep. 
And she with myriad hosts of earth shall rise ! 

E. G. B. 



20 




JWr. Hooker and his Congregation passing through the Wilderness. 



FIRST SETTLERS OF CONNECTICUT. 

About the beginning of June, 1636, the Rev. Messrs. Hooker 
and Stone, with their congregation of about one hundred men, 
women and children, took their departure from Cambridge, near 
Boston, Mass., and traveled more than two hundred miles, 
through a trackless wilderness, to Hartford, Conn. They had 
no guide but their compass, and made their way over mountains, 
through swamps, thickets and rivers, which were passed with great 
difficulty. They had no cover but the heavens, nor any lodgings 
but those that simple nature afforded them. Mrs. Hooker, being 
feeble, was carried upon a horse htter ; the company were nearly 
a fortnight upon their journey. " This adventure was the more 
remarkable, as many of this company were persons of figure, 
who had lived in England, in honor, affluence and delicacy, and 
were entire strangers to fatigue and danger." " The forest 
through which they passed, for the first time resounded with the 
praises of God ; the Indians following them in silent admiration." 

Beneath the deep and verdant shade, 
Amid a new found land, 



21 



Through forests wild, the wand'rers strayed, 
A Pilgrim exile band. 

The magic needle for their guide, 

The changeless Polar star, 
They wandered on, through paths untried, 

To seek a home afar. 

And manhood's stately form was there, 

Fair childhood with its glee, 
4nd tottering age with hoary hair, 

And smiling infancy. 

And gentle w^oman with her smile. 
Cheered danger's darkest hour. 

Who bloomed of old in Britain's isle, 
Of princely halls the flower. 

And one, a suffering one and meek, 

They bore o'er hill and dale. 
While o'er her pale and sunken cheek 

Swept evening's chilling gale. 

O'er rock and hill, by stream and glade, 
Through arches deep and high. 

Where gorgeous hues of forest shade. 
First met their wondering eye. 

The forest monarchs stood in bands, 

The stately oak and pine, 
And spread abroad their leafy hands. 

Like priests at nature's shrine. 



And there, like incense, softly rose 
The strains of prayer and praise, 

And broke the Sabbath like repose 
With soft harmonious lays. 

And oft as evening's purple shade 

Was lost in twilight dim, 
Together in the forest glade 

They sang their evening hymn. 

And when the rosy morning woke 

The Pilgrim's song of praise, 
There on the Indian's ear first broke, 

In sweet harmonious lays. 

And here the child of dusky brow. 

Who long in darkness trod, 
First learned in humble faith to bow. 

And seek the Pilgrim's God. 

Fair native land ! what led them thence, 

The dazzling lure of gold ? 
The thrilling tales of eloquence. 

That Poet lips have told ? 

Nay ! one whose name to song is dear, 

Through many a land abroad. 
Hath told what turned their footsteps here, 

*' Freedom to worship God /" 

E. G. B. 



23 

Thomas Hooker, the first minister in the colony of 
Connecticut, was born in Leicestershire, England, in 
1586, and was educated at Emanuel College, Cambridge. 
After preaching for some time in London and Chelmes- 
ford, he was silenced for his non-conformity. He came 
to New England in 1633, in company with Mr. Cotton 
and Mr. Stone. He had great influence in establishing 
the order of the churches in Connecticut. He was re- 
markable in his manner of preaching. With a loud 
voice, an expressive countenance, and a most command- 
ing presence, he preached with a zeal and energy sel- 
dom equaled. He appeared with such majesty in the 
pulpit, that it was pleasantly said of him that " he could 
put a king in his pocket." He died of an epidemic fe- 
ver, July 7th, 1647. As he lay on his death bed, one 
of his weeping friends said to him, " Sir, you are going 
to receive the reward of all your labors." "Brother," 
he replied, " I am going to receive mercy." 

Samuel Stone, the teacher of the church at Hartford, 
and colleague to Mr. Hooker, was born at Hartford, 
England, and died July 20th, 1663. " While he was 
regarded as one of the most accurate and acute disputants 
of his day, he was also celebrated for his \\\i and humor. 
Dr. Mather says of him, * He was an extraordinary per- 
son at an argument ; and as clear and smart a disputant, 
as most that ever lived in the world." The following 
inscription is on the monument erected to his memory 
at Hartford. 

" New England's glory and her radiant crowne, 
Was he who now in softest bed of downe, 
Til glorious resurrection morne appeare 
Doth safely, sweetly sleep in Jesus here. 
Tis known beyond compare he did excell^ 
Errors corrupt by sinewous dispute 
He oppugne and clearly them confute ; 
Above all things he Christ his Lord prefer^d 
Hartford, thy richest jewel's here inter'd." 



24 




ROGER WILLIAMS. 

Roger Wilijams, the founder of Rhode Island, was one of the 
early Puritan ministers who came over to New England. As 
some of his religious sentiments differed from most of those by 
whom he was surrounded, and as he refused to cease preaching to 
them, he was banished from the colony. In the depth of winter, 
in 1636, he was obliged to leave his family in Salem, Mass., and 
return into the wilderness of Rhode Island, where he might enjoy 
religious freedom unmolested. Here he fixed upon a spot, which 
in grateful remembrance of" God's merciful providence to him in 
his distress," gave the name of Providence. His memory is de- 
serving of lasting honor for the hberty and generous toleration 
which he gave " to all sorts of consciences," and for his kindness 
and benevolence to the native Indians, and all others with whom 
he was connected. 

Williams, a name to human freedom dear, 

True noble of the human race : 
Firm in the truth of God, he feels no fear, 

Though danger stares him in the face. 



25 

Freedom to think, to act, and worship God, 

The great Creator gives to man : 
Frail man would o'er his brother hold the rod, 

And tell him where to pray, and when. 

" Freedom to worship God," for this to gain, 
Williams retires into the wilderness ; 

'Mid wintry snows he feels that God is near, 
To kindly cheer him and to bless. , 

That God who kindly fed in times of old. 
By ravens, in the desert wild and wide. 

Doth keep his servant in these western wilds, 
And all his wants are well supplied. 

He builds his cottage in a lonely place, 

Trusting in God for his defence ; 
Religious freedom kindly gives to all, 

And founds his city Providence, 

From Persecution's fierce and cruel power, 

A place of Refuge here is found : 
To worship God as conscience prompts the soul : 

Oh call it " high and holy ground !" 

Oh haste the hour, when persecuting men 
No more shall curse the earth abroad, 

When bigot fire and flames, no more consume 
The servants of the living God. 

Great Power above ] oh give us all to feel 
Thee still our Father and our Guide ; 

Be thou our Light through this dark wilderness, 
For all is dark and drear beside. 
3 



26 




The Judges Cave, New Haven. 

THE REGICIDE JUDGES. 

On the restoration of monarchy in England, the Judges who 
condemned King Charles I. to death, were obUged to flee the 
kingdom to save their lives. General Goffe and Whalley, two of 
the judges, made their escape to New England in 1660, but were 
compelled to live in great secrecy to prevent being apprehended 
by the King's commissioners. Sometimes they were hid in cel- 
lars, by the colonists who secretly befriended them, other times 
they would resort to the woods, caves, and other hiding places. 
They concealed themselves for a while, in a kind of a cave or ap- 
erture beneath some detached rocks near the summit of West 
Rock, about two miles from New Haven, Conn. This place la 
now called the Judges Cave, and on one of the rocks is inscribed 
" Opposition to Tyrants is obedience to God." If tradition be 
correct, their remains now rest near those of Col. Dixwell, back of 
the Center Church, in New Haven. 

On the mountain, stern and high. 

Bleak and lonely lies the cave. 
Giant rocks around it lie. 

Forest trees around it wave. 



27 

And the river far below, 

Narrowed to a silver thread, 
And the fields in summer's glow. 

Far before the eye are spread. 

While the city's distant spires, 
And the blue and rolling bay, 

Glisten in the crimson fires. 
Kindled at the close of day. 

Many a score of years ago. 

Wilder scenes then met the eye, 

Of the two who looked below. 
From their rocky fortress high. 

Lonely was the view, and wild. 
And the exile's cave was bleak. 

Rocks by Nature rudely piled 

Formed the home, they came to seek. 

Wintry winds came howling by. 

Storms would in their midst intrude, 

And the panther's gleaming eye. 
Looked upon their solitude. 

Outcasts from their place of birth. 

Like the holy men of old ! 
In the dens and caves of earth, 

Parched with thirst, and chilled by cold, 

Nobles of the Pilgrim race, 

Fame like theirs will ne'er decay ; 

Still is seen their hiding place. 
But the exiles, where are they ? 

Still the Pilgrim's burial ground. 

Keeps their ashes in its trust. 
Hoary age, the spot has crowned 

Earth to earth ! and dust to dust ! 

Earth shall keep their precept still, 
" That to brave the tyrant's rod. 

With a firm unfettered will. 
Is obedience to God." 



!. a. B. 



28 

One of the Regicides, Col. John Dixwell, resided ia New Ha- 
ren, Conn., for a long period, under the assumed name of James 
Davids. He was married in this place, and left a wife and two 
children. At his death, he discovered his true character to the 
people. Fearing his enemies might dishonor his ashes, he re- 
quested that only a plain stone might be erected, inscribed with 
his initials, J. D., Esq., with his age and time of his death. Af- 
ter a lapse of one hundred and sixty-one years, on Nov. 22, 1849, 
his remains were disinterred by his relatives, and re-committed to 
the earth, back of the Center Church, standing on the public square 
or green. A tasteful and durable monument is placed over his 
remains. The inscription on the east side, is as follows, viz. 



John Dixwell, a zealous patriot — a sincere christian, 
an honest man, he was faithful to duty through good and 
through evil report, and having lost fortune, position and 
home in the cause of his country, and of human rights, 
found shelter and sympathy here, among the fathers of 
New England. His descendants have erected this mon- 
ument as a tribute of respect to his memory, and as a 
grateful record of the generous protection extended to him, 
by the early inhabitants of New Haven. Erected, A. D. 
1849. 

Inscription on the west side : 

Here rest the remains of John Dixwell, Esq., of the Pri- 
ory of Folkestone, in the county of Kent, England, of a 
family long prominent in Kent, and Warwickshire, and 
himself possessing large estates, and much influence in 
his country ; he espoused the popular cause in the revolu- 
tion of 1640. Between 1640 and 1660, he was colonel 
in the army, an active member of four parliaments, thrice 
in the council of state, and one of the high court which 
tried and condemned King Charles the First. At the 
restoration of the monarchy, he was compelled to leave 
his country ; and after a brief residence in Germany, 
came to New Haven, and here lived in seclusion, but en- 
joying the esteem and friendship of the most worthy cit- 
izens, till his death in 1688-9, 



29 




Gen. Goffe repulsing the Indians. 
DELIVERANCE OF HADLEY. 

WhExX Gen. Goffe, one of the judges of King Charles I, was 
secreted in Hadley, Mass., in September, 1675, the Indians at- 
tacked the town, while the inhabitants were at public worship. 
The men immediately took to their arms, but were soon thrown 
into the utmost confusion, till Goffe, entirely unknown to them, 
white with age, of a commanding and venerable aspect, and in 
an unusual dress, suddenly appeared among them, encouraged the 
affrighted inhabitants, put himself at their head, and by his mili- 
tary skill, led them on to an immediate victory. After the dis- 
persion of the enemy, he instantly disappeared. The wondering 
inhabitants, alike ignorant whence he came, and where he had. 
retired, imagined him to be an angel, sent for their deliverance. 

Hark ! hark ! the watchman's thrilling cry, 

Falls wildly on the ear ; 
To arms ! forth to the conflict fly ! 

To arms ! the foe is near*. 
3* 



so 



Pkle grew the tender mother's cheek. 

As silently she pressed, 
With feelings words might never speak, 

Her loved ones to her breast. 

Now louder rose the savage yell. 

The echoing woods along ; 
These rav'ning wolves, who, who can quell ? 

For they are fierce and strong. 

Unused to mortal, savage strife, 

Pale grew the Pilgrim's brow : 
Disordered now he strives for life, 

Oh ! who shall save him now ! 

The man of God has bowed him there, 

His flock around him press ; 
Wilt thou not hear thy servant's prayer, 

While in this wilderness ? 

" Save us, O God ! our Father, save," 

Was now the fervent cry ; 
" No other refuge now we have, 

Swift to our rescue fly !" 

The prayer is heard ! a form is seen 

Amid the frighted band. 
Firm as a rock, bold and serene, 

With flashing sword in hand ! 

His waving locks are snowy white, 

Made venerable by time ; 
And yet his eye is keen and bright 

As that of manhood's prime. 



31 



" Courage ! cheer up ! ye pilgrim band !" 

His tones are loud and clear, 
Like one accustomed to command. 

He stands unflinching here. 

" Stand here ! stand there f and thus control 

These furious men of blood :" 
Unwonted courage nerves the soul 

Of him who trusts in God. 

" Our leader bold ! he's from above, 

He bears a charmed life," 
So spake the soul that saw him move, 

Unharmed amid the strife. 

Awed by his mien of majesty, 

The lightning of his eye ; 
The foe fall back in wild dismay, 

They shrink, they run, they fly ! 

The strife is o'er ! the battle plain 

The Pilgrim band has won ; 
But wonderingly, they look in vain 

For him who led them on. 

Mysteriously the stranger came, 
As strange his flight had been ; 

None knew his story or his name. 
Amid these wondering men : 

But deemed him as an angel sent, 

For their deliverance given ; 
While many a prayer that evening went 

From thankful hearts to heaven. 



32 




PRESERVATION OF MR. STODDARD. 



Solomon Stoddard was for a long period the minister of the 
Gospel at Northampton, Mass., where he died in 1729, in the 
86th year of his age. He " possessed probably more influence 
than any other clergyman in the province, during a period of 
thirty years. Here he was regarded with a reverence which will 
be scarcely rendered to any other man. The very savages are 
said to have felt towards him a peculiar awe." It is said that 
once when he was passing from Northampton to Hatfield, a 
Frenchman, or Canadian Indian, in ambush, pointed his gun at 
him, but was warned by the Indians not to fire, because that man 
" was Englishman's God." He was also preserved, it is said, in a 
similar manner, while meditating in an orchard back of the church 
in Deerfield, on a sermon he was about to preach. 

Unharmed where foes in ambush lay, 

The man of God passed by, 
Though danger frowned upon his way, 

And sudden death was nigh. 



3.^ 



For twice the foe with murderous aim 

His heart a mark had made, 
And twice the musket's fatal flame 

The Indian's hand had stayed. 

" The white man's God, thou shalt not harm, 

The dusky warrior cried ; 
His grasp was on his comrade's arm. 

His musket turned aside. 

What wondrous power is this, that charmed 

The savage Indian so ? 
That thus the man of God, unharmed, 

Should pass a lurking foe ? 

Oh anxious hearts ! foreboding ill ! 

In this a lesson read ; 
God's love, a shield is round you still, 

Where duty's path shall lead. 

His presence like a wall of fire, 

Will circle round your way ; 
With awe the fiercest heart inspire, 

And hate's fell weapon stay. 

Oh timid hearts ! oh anxious souls ! 

This lesson keep in view ; 
He who the threatened ill controls, 

Will he not care for you 1 

Then on ! where duty's path shall lead, 

Away with doubt and fear ! 
Stand at your post ! your hour of need 

Shall find a guardian near. 

E. G. ] 



34 




WILLIAM PENN. 

William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, came over to 
America in 1682, with a colony of Friends or Quakers. He en- 
deavored to plant and sustain his infant colony, on the principles 
of Christian Love. He gave free toleration to all religious sects, 
purchased his land honestly of the Indians, and treated them 
kindly : and it is said that in their wars with the whites, they 
never killed a Quaker, knowing him to be such. He founded 
his capital, which he called Philadelphia, or seat of brotherly love. 
William Penn was the son of an Admiral in the English navy, 
who persecuted him on account of his religious sentiments. He 
also was imprisoned for the same cause, and suffered much in his 
attempts to do good to others. 

Moved by the love of God and man, he turned, 
A friend indeed from childhoods stately home. 

To mingle with the few, whom pride had spurn'd. 
Afar amid the western wilds to roam. 

A father's angry frown he heeded not — 

The world's cold taunts ; the flattering voice of Fame ; 
But with a humble sect, he cast his lot, 

And meekly bore his Master's cross of shame. 



35 



He might have won amid his r.ative land, 

A place where dazzling glories gleaming shone ; 

He might have swayed the sceptre of command, 
With favored nobles near a kingly throne. 

But loftier aspirations filled his mind, 

To found an Empire where sweet peace should reign ; 
Friends, native land, he cheerfully resigned, 

And sought a place beyond the rolling main. 

Uaarmed except by Love, in danger's hour, 

He moved midst savage men ; his power they feel ; 

All conquering Love ! more mighty in thy power. 
Than thundering cannon, or the glittering steel. 

Like coals of fire, it melts the stubborn will: 

Those who had lurked like tigers for their prey, 

With fell design, with murderous aim to kill. 

Those savage foemen quailed, and owned thy sway. 

And he who wears the garb of Love may stand. 

Firm as if circled by a wall of fire ! 
Hate will not lift 'gainst him the murderous brand. 

And kindled flames of fell revenge expire ! 

Immortal Fenn ! what though a crowd unkind. 
Heaped cruel insult on thine honored name. 

E'en prison walls could not suffice to bind 
The noble spirit, fearless still of shame. 

Immortal Penn ! thou hast not lived in vain. 
Thy bright example still shall brightly shine, 

And numerous voices here, and o'er the main. 
With deathless laurels shall thy name entwine. 

And thou, blest Love ! descended fi-om above, 
Myriads of voices yet shall pierce the skies, 

Shall sing the mighty truth, that God is Love ! 
And many a Philadelphia, yet shall rise. 

J. w, B. 



S6 




THE SALEM MARTYRS. 

In 1692, occurred one of the most surprising and afflicting 
scenes ever witnessed in New England, from the supposed preva- 
lence of witchcraft. At this period, many learned and eminent 
men in England and America, fully believed in the existence of 
this crime. The excitement commenced in Salem and its vicin- 
ity. About one hundred persons were accused ; about fifty con- 
fessed themselves guilty. Those who confessed themselves guilty 
of this crime, appear to have done it in order to save their lives, 
as they afterwards declared themselves innocent. Twenty per- 
sons were executed for practicing witchcraft, most of whom ex- 
hibited a forcible example of the strength of moral principle. It 
appears that if they would only confess the crime like the others, 
their lives might have been spared. But these martyrs, (as they 
may be truly called,) rather than confess what they knew to be 
untrue, nobly preferred to suffer death. 



When the wild storm so strange, burst o'er the land, 
Dark was the hour, strong was the spell. 



3T 

When high and low, to false accusers gave 
The hearing ear, to slanders fell. 

Oh sacred love of truth divine ! for thee, 

Many the martyr's path haye trod, 
Though fire and shameful death their lot would be, 

If they spoke truth before their God. 

Tme sons and daughters of the Pilgrim race. 

Their honor from above they seek ; 
Their life with all its charms they freely give. 

Rather than lying words to speak. 

Their friends with tears come round, and urge them on 
To save their lives ; this, this they press. 

Oh own what weak and frenzied men have said, 
And live your fellow men to bless. 

No, no ! these hero-martyrs firm replied, 
Death in its shameful form we brave : 

Nought but the simple truth shall pass our lips, 
We can not lie our lives to save. 

Oh blessed power that nei-ves the Christian soul ; 

His strength he feels is from on high : 
Rather than in the least to swerve from truth, 

He'll give up all, and nobly die. 

Then cease to sneer, nor raise the foolish laugh, 

At weakness here, wherever found ; 
How few in this dark world, can pierce beyond. 

Bewildering mists that float around. 

But look with triumph on these noble souls. 

Who duty's path have nobly trod : 
For truth, like those of old, they gave up life, 

True martyrs of the living God. 



J. w. 



4 



38 




THE INDIAN REFORMER. 

In the year 1745, the devoted missionary, David Brainerd, la- 
bored among the Indians in Pennsylvania. When at a conside- 
rable distance from the English settlements, he met with an Indian 
reformer, who, though dressed with bear skins, in a most wild 
and fantastic manner, with a rattle in his hand, was evidently 
sincere and honest in his way. Notwithstanding his outward 
appearance, there was much in his character which appeared 
christian-like. He said that he formerly lived like the rest of the 
Indians, but God had changed his mind and shown him what he 
should do. Since that time he had tried to serve him, and he 
loved all mankind as he never did before. He was derided by 
most of the Indians as a precise zealot. He opposed their drink- 
ing strong drink (or fire water) Math all his power, and when at 
any time he could not prevent it, would go weeping to the woods. 



In every clime in this dark world abroad, 
God can the thickest clouds dispel : 

His being to the weakest mind can show. 
By many signs infallible. 



39 

Oh let ns not, the mercy of our God, 

Confine to our own sect or place : 
He is the Lord of all, of high and low, 

Father of all the human race. 

The Indian wild in the far lonely wood. 

Feels the " Great Spirit " ever near ; 
His voice within he hears, and upward looks. 

And calls on God, and God will hear. 

This sum of heavenly truth, that " God is Love," 

On Pagan hearts this Light of day. 
Fours forth new light ! new Love inspires his soul. 

And hateful passions die away ! 

He meekly strives his brethren to reclaim. 

From the destructive power of sin. 
To drink no more the fiery, maddening draught. 

But strive to have all peace wiihin. 

But if they were to his entreaties deaf. 

His soul was pained, his tears they fell ; 
Into the forest depths he took his way, 

Before the Lord his griefs to tell. 

What though his sacredotal robes may seem. 

Uncouth and barbarous to our sight. 
Oh judge him not severe ! he fancies thus. 

This mode of dress, he thinks it right. 

His paler brother too, has modes and forms. 

Of priestly dress : in various ways. 
Attracts the notice of his fellow men. 

As fancy, or as fashion sways. 

With equal eye, the Father of us all, 

Whether in skins or silks we dress, 
He sees us all ! he knows our thoughts and aims, 

With pity sees our weaknesses. 

Throughout all time and place, he that performs 

The works of love and righteousness ; 
God will accept, though lame his creed. 

The upright man will surely bless. 

J. W. B. 



4d 




DESTRUCTION OF D'ANVILLE'S FLEET. 



In 1746, a powerful fleet from France, under the command of 
Duke D'Anville, consisting of about forty ships of war besides 
tran-poits, sailed to ravage and destroy the English settlements, 
on the American coast. The consternation was great among the 
colonies, especially when they learnt that no fleet had sailed from 
the mother country in quest of the French. But a kind Provi- 
dence appeared for their deliverance. A most remarkable series 
of disasters pursued the French. The Duke D'Anville died in a 
sudden and unexpected manner ; his successor, in a fit of delirium, 
killed himself The fleet sustained much damage by storms, and 
great loss by shipwrecks. In addition to this, a mortal sickness 
prevailed, and swept off" a large portion of the troops, and the re- 
mainder soon after embarked for France. Such an instance of 
preservation, without the aid of human power, seldom occurs ; 
and the pious people of that time, ascribed their deliverance to 
that Being, who caused the Assyrian monarch to return to hi; 
own country, without so much as shooting an arrow against Je- 
rusalem. 



41 

The dark'ning clouds of war are gathering fast, 
The foe draws near with towering pride, 

Threatening our land with fiery 'vengeance storm, 
And desolation far and wide. 

In proud array the hostile fleet of France, 

Are marshaled for the onset dread ; 
A powerful force urged on by swelling sails. 

By noble, warlike Captains led. 

God of our Fathers ! kindly save us now, 

Oh shield us by thy mighty power ; 
Oh Father, hear us in our deep distress. 

And save us in this trying hour. 

Thine ancient people, when the mighty hosts 

By proud Senacherib were led. 
Their prayers they raised to thee : in one short mght„ 

Thy power did lay them helpless, dead. 

Our father's prayers were heard : sickness prevails ; 

Death thins the ranks ; o'erpowers the foe ; 
The frowning heavens above are dark with storms. 

The foaming billows rage below. 

By stormy winds dismantled, and o'er-powered. 
The mighty ships are sunk like lead : 

Amid the waste of waters wide around. 
The foe lies low among the dead. 

Disease and flood, and stormy winds, and death,, 

Fulfill the will of the Most High : 
Strong is the power that kindly guards all those, 

That on the mighty God rely. 

4* J. W. B» 



42 




ZINZENDORF, THE MORAVIAN MISSIONARY. 

In 1742, Count Zinzendoif, the celebrated Moravian mission- 
ary, went among the Shawnee Indians, in the Wyoming valley 
in Pennsylvania. Unable to appreciate the pure motives of his 
mission, they suspected him of being a spy, or a land speculator in 
disguise, and accordingly they sent some of their number to kill 
him. Zinzendorf had kindled a fire in his tent, and was deeply 
engaged in writing and meditation when the Indians stole upon 
him, to execute their bloody commission. Warmed by the fire, 
a large rattle snake crept forth, and glided harmlessly over the legs 
of the holy man unperceived by him. The Indians, however, 
were at this very moment looking stealthily into the tent and saw 
the movement of the serpent. Awed by this scene, they desisted 
from their bloody purpose ; they soon retired, and informed their 
countrymen that the Great Spirit protected this white man, and 
they dared not raise their hands against him. 

Alone ! and far from childhood's home. 
He crossed the stormy sea to roam. 
An exile, in the forest wild. 
To seek and save frail nature's child ; 
The dusky Indian who hath made. 
His home within the green wood shade. 



43 

Sweet love ! O Charity divine ! 
What wondrous mighty power is thine ? 
Which thus the ties of nature rends. 
And severs country, kindred, friends. 
And ills to share, all perils brave, 
A fallen sinful race to save. 

Count Zinzendorf, of noble race. 
Like him of Patmos finds a place, 
To hold communion sweet, on high, 
Where heavenly visions meet the eye ; 
To write : and to the churches tell, 
Though dark around, yet all is well. 

Upward he looks ! his spirit flies, 
To far off bowers of Paradise, 
To meet with spirits of the just. 
Made perfect in their love and trust ; 
Unmoved he sits, serene his brow, 
What angel guards his musings now t 

For see ! what danger now betides ! 
A horrid serpent o'er him glides : 
Calmly he sits, unconscious still 
Of aught that now may threaten ill : 
The poisonous reptile all disarmed. 
Creeps on, and leaves him quite unharmed. 

He rests ! while savage foes draw near. 
Amazed they stand in wondrous fear : 
What potent spell, what magic charm 
Can shield the pale faced man from harm ? 
Some mighty power to them unknown, 
Must guard this stranger when alone. 

He sleeps ! but sleep like his, may speak 
A lesson words are all too weak 
To tell ; the white man's God hath power 
To shield his servant at this hour ; 
That he whom Israel's Watchman keeps, 
Through threatened ills, untroubled sleeps. 



44 

MORAVIANS. 

The United Brethren, or Moravians, of whom Count 
Zinzendorf was a distinguished member, derive their or- 
igin from the Greek Church, in the 9th century. The 
society, as at present, was placed on a permanent foun- 
dation in 1722, by the Count, who gave the persecuted 
brethren in Moravia, a place of refuge on his estates in 
Saxony. Zinzendorf, having adopted the sentiments of 
the Brethren, was consecrated one of their Bishops, and 
from thenceforward devoted his life to the cause. 

Under the guidance of the Count, certain articles of 
union were agreed to, which embraced only the great 
truths of Scripture. Individuals of all Protestant denom- 
inations, consequently have always been freely admitted 
into their communities without renouncing their peculiar 
creeds. Discussions respecting controverted points are 
avoided, but they make the merits of Christ their princi- 
pal theme, and hope of salvation. 

The Brethren early turned their attention to this coun- 
try, in order to introduce Christianity among the Indians. 
In 1741, they settled near the forks of the Delaware, in 
Pennsylvania. Count Zinzendorf, then on his mission- 
ary tour in America, visited this place on Christmas in 
that year, and lodged in a log-house, attached to which 
was a stable. From this circumstance the name of 
Bethlehem was given to the settlement. 

" No people have probably done so much in the cause of mis- 
sions, in proportion to their means, as the Moravians. The suf- 
ferings and devotedness of their missionaries have been great. 
They have oftentimes gone forth, single-handed and unknown, 
among the slave population in the West Indies, the degraded and 
filthy Greenlanders, and the savages of our own country. In some 
instances ten, in others near fifty years have elapsed, ere they saw 
any fruit ; yet they continued to labor, full of faith, and struggling 
against misrepresentation, suffering, and loss of life." 



45 

Bethlehem, the largest town of Moravians in this 
country, is about 48 miles north of Philadelphia, and 
contains about 1600 inhabitants, mostly of German de- 
scent. The town is beautifully situated, and is celebra- 
ted for its neat and orderly appearance. The following, 
respecting their religious customs, &c., is from a recent 
publication. 

As usual among the Germans, great attention is paid to music ; 
ahnost every dwelling has its piano, and it forms one of the most 
interesting features of their public worship. Before the Lord's 
supper, they have a love feast, when all assemble expressly to lis^ten 
to vocal and instrumental mu<ic, interspersed with hymns, in which 
the congregation join, while they partake of a cup of coffee, tea, or 
chocolate, and light cakes, in token of fellowship and brotherly 
union. Easter morning is devoted to a solemnity of a peculiar 
kind. At sunrise the congregation assemble in the graveyard ; a 
service, accompanied by music, is celebrated, expressive of the joy- 
ful hopes of immortality and resurrection, and a solemn commem- 
moration of those who, in the course of the last year, have gone to 
heaven. 

Soon as a person dies, the event is announced by solemn instru- 
mental music, from a band stationed in the church tower. Differ- 
ent tunes are played, signifying the age, sex, and condition of the 
deceased ; so it is then usually known who is dead. These death 
hymns, sounding, as they often do, upon the still morning or eve- 
ning air, must have a singularly melancholy effect upon the hearer, 
reminding him that he too is mortal. Their funeral services are 
usually performed in church ; from thence the congregation march 
to the grave, preceded by a band of music. If the deceased is a 
female, the ladies follow first after the coffin ; if a male, the re- 
verse. They consider death as no evil, but the entrance to eternal 
bliss, and therefore do not mourn for friends, nor wear insignia of 
grief In alluding to the departed, they use the expression, " helm 
gehen," signifying that they have gone home. The graveyard, 
Hke most of this denomination, is laid out as a garden, and planted 
with trees, under which are seats for visitors. The graves are de- 
void of the disagreeable coffin-like shape of our own ; but resemble 
flower beds, and in many cases are covered with myrtle and other 
ornamental plants. The monuments are small slabs laid horizon- 
tally upon the graves, the inscriptions uppermost, and bearing sim- 
ply the name, age, and place of decease. 



46 




RESCUE OF MAJOR PUTNAM. 

In 1758, Major Putnam, when near Fort Edward, during the 
war with the French and Indians, was taken prisoner by the 
latter. They determined to roast him alive. Accordingly they 
stripped him, bound him to a tree, and piled up dry brush and 
other fuel in a circle around him, which they set on fire. A sud- 
den shower damped the rising flame. Still they strove to kindle 
it, until at last the blaze ran fiercely round the circle. The sava- 
ges yelled in triumph, and Putnam fully believed that his final hour 
had now come. He summoned all his resolution, and composed 
his mind as far as he could, to bid farewell to all he held most 
dear. The bitterness of an agonizing death was in a manner past, 
and nature was quitting her last hold on fife, when a French offi- 
cer rushed through the crowd, opened a way by scattering the 
burning brands, and severely reprimanded the savages. This 
was Molang, the commanding officer, who, having received in- 
formation of what was going on, rushed to the relief of Putnam, 
and at the last moment saved his life. 

A FEARFUL sight now rises to the view, 

In the dark northern forests wild ; 
Putnam the brave is seized, condemned to death. 

Fast bound amid the blazing pile. 



47 



The scorching fire begins to rise ; 

Loud sounds the savage demon yell : 
The suffering victim looks for help above, 

From foes the children dire of hell ! 

Oh Father help him in this trying hour ; 

Help him ! he calls on thy great name : 
The prayer is kindly heard, a sudden shower 

Puts out the kindling, rising tiame. 

With fell revenge and hate, the savage crew 

Kindle again the raging fire ; 
Prepare a feast of death, and see once more, 

A victim brave, in flames expire. 

The savage yells in horrid triumph rise, 
Like demons mad, they dance around ; 

The crackling, roaring flames now mount on high. 
The death-song swells with fearful sound. 

My hour is come ! I shall behold no more 
My loved ones, and my partner dear ! 

Perish I must ! within this scorching flame : 
No human help doth now appear. 

Yet Father thou canst save ! when all below 

Is darkness to the human eye ; 
Yet Father to thy stern decree I bow. 

Submissive at thy feet I lie. 

That man is blessed, who puts his trust in thee, 
Who lives, or dies at home, abroad : 

Strong is the power that kindly guards him round. 
Strong is his helper. Father, God ! 

A voice is heard ! a noble "form appears, 
Molang, the generous Frenchman, braves. 

Drives back the wretches with indignant frown. 
Scatters the fire, the victim saves. 

Oh noble thus ! our enemies to love. 

Kindly assist them in distress ; 
And him who reigns above, the Lord of all. 

The merciful will surely bless. 



48 




THE TRUE WIFE AND MOTHER. 

In 1764, Col. Boquet, having conquered the Indians in the vi- 
cinity of Carlisle, Pennsylvania, compelled them to sue for peace. 
One of the conditions of peace was, that the Indians should de- 
liver up all the women and children whom they had taken into 
captivity. Many of these had learned the language of their cap- 
tors, adopted their habits, and were bound to them by ties of affec- 
tion. The separation between the Indians and their prisoners 
was heart-i-ending. Some afterwards made their escape, and re- 
turned to the Indians. One female, who had been captured at 
the age of fourteen, had become the wife of an Indian Chief, and 
mother of several children. When informed that she was to be 
delivered to her parents, her grief could not be alleviated. " Can 
I," said she, "enter into my parents dwelling ? Will they be 
kind to my children ? Will my old companions associate with 
the wife of an Indian ? And my husband, who has been so kind 
— I will not desert him !" That night she fled to the camp of 
her husband and children. 



Straxge is the forest scene, 
\ sorrowing group is there ; 



49 

The Indian with his dusky brow, 
And woman pale and fair. 

The parting hour has come, 

And tearfully they stand ; 
While friends their long lost kindred claim, 

Amid that forest band. 



** Back to the white man's care, 

The captives we restore ; 
But to the Indian's homes and hearts, 

They will return no more. 

Mother, and wife, and maid, 

From hill, and stream, and dell ; 

And from your homes beneath the shade, 
Ye go : farewell! farewell!" 

These mournful words are heard, 

Sad as a funeral knell ; 
And the proud Indian's bitter tearsj 

Fall with the word, fe,rewell i 

Hark I for 'tis woman speaks, 

The Mother and the wife : 
Hear I for her kindred bid her rend 

The ties more dear than life. 

" They bid me seek again, 

The home of childhood's years ; 

But oh ! its far off beauty shines, 
But dimly through my tears. 

A dearer home is mine. 

Within the green wood glade ; 
5 



50 



There dwells my love, my children play, 
Beneath its leafy shade. 

My children ! bom and reared 

Amid the forest wild ; 
Will not the white man proudly spurn, 

The Indian's dusky child 1 

And those I loved of old, 

My friends in years gone by. 

Will they not mark the Indian's wife 
With cold averted eye ? 

And he I loved so well. 

That heart so kind and true ; 

Can ye give back such love as his, 
Which I resign for you ? 

And shall I leave him ? No ! 

I leave the white man's care ; 
Back to the forest's depths I go. 

My home and heart are there. 

Yes ! for a mother's love. 

No laws of caste can bind ; 
And only in one faithful heart, 

The wife her home may find. 

So woman's love will shine. 

Alike through good or ill, 
In palace hall, or forest shade. 

Pure and unchanging still. 



E. G. B. 



51 




THE MOTHER'S VOICE. 



In 1764, Col. Boquet of Pennsylvania, having defeated the In- 
dians, compelled them to sue for peace. One of the conditions 
upon which peace was granted, was that the Indians should re- 
store all the women and children they had taken captive from 
the white settlements. Many had been seized when very young, 
forgot their own language, and grew up to maturity, in the wig- 
wams of the savages, adopting their manners and customs. A 
great number of the restored prisoners were brought to Carlisle, 
— many a mother found a lost child, but others could not desig- 
nate their children. Among these, was an aged woman, whose 
child, little girl, had been tuken from her several years before ; 
but was unable to recognize her daughter, or converse with the 
released captives. With a breaking heart, she lamented to Col. 
Boquet her hapless lot. The Colonel requested her to sing a 
hymn which she used to sing to her daughter when a little child. 
This was no sooner complied with, than the long-lost daughter 
rushed into the arms of her mother. 

In strange fantastic dress arrayed, 
The rescued captives stand, 



52 



With warriors of the forest shade 

Amid the little band, 
Of friends that here their kindred claim. 
Repeating each familiar name. 



And here the mother seeks with tears^ 
Her loved, her long lost child, 

So changed by lapse of weary years, 
From the young face that smiled, 

Upon her in her childish glee. 

In days of helpless infancy. 



Dark was the storm of war that swept 
The peaceful country o'er ; 

When friends and kindred sadly wept, 
For those they saw no more : 

And many a mother mourned her child 

Borne captive to some forest wild. 



What tone, that long lost child shall reach,. 

What voice her tale impart ? 
She knoweth not her loved one's speech ; 

And with a heavy heart. 
She looks from face to face with tears, 
To seek the one, long lost for years. 



Is there no dear familiar word, 
Which on her ear should break ? 

Is there no lay in childhood heard 
Sweet memory's chords to wake. 

To free that spirit from its spell ? 

The soldier bade the mother tell. 



53 



She sings the song of other days, 

The hymn so sweet and mild , 
One of the simple cradle lays, 

She sang her infant child. 
And learned that loved one's childish tone, 
To mingle sweetly with her own. 

A mother's voice ! what magic art 

It hath to touch the soul ; 
It enters in the inmost heart. 

Its passions to control : 
That voice that lulled the babe to rest. 
In slumber on a mother's breast. 

A mother's voice, it tells of love, 

Such as few hearts may know. 
Such as the angels feel above. 

For those they guard below ; 
A love the world can never chill. 
Pure, undefiled, and changeless still. 

Oh blessed voice ! oh long lost strain ! 

Thy tone has pierced one ear ! 
The daughter echoes back again. 

The song to memory dear : 
She rushes to her mother's breast ! 
A mother's heart must think the rest ! 

5* E. G. B. 



54 




COL. BOONE'S FIRST VIEW OF KENTUCKY. 

In 1769, Col. Daniel Boone, and a few others from Virginia, 
made an exploring expedition into the wilderness westward. 
After a long fatiguing march over a mountainous region, they 
came to the top of an eminence, from whence, with joy and won- 
der, they discovered the level and beautiful landscape of Ken- 
tucky. " Here," says Col. Boone, " nature was a series of won- 
ders, and a fund of delight. Here she displayed her ingenuity 
and industry, in a variety of flowers and fruits beautifully colored, 
elegantly shaped, and charmingly flavored : and we were diverted 
with numberless animals, presenting themselvee perpetually to 
our view. The buffaloes were more numerous than cattle on 
other settlements — their numbers were amazing." 

Fair was the scene that lay, 

Before the little band, 
Which paused upon its toilsome way, 

To view this new found land. 

Field, stream, and valley spread, 
Far as the eye could gaze, 



55 



With Summer's beauty o'er them shed, 
And sunlight's brightest rays. 

Flowers of the fairest dyes, 

Trees clothed in richest green ; 
And brightly smiled the deep blue skies, 

O'er this enchanting scene. 

Such was Kentucky then. 

With wild luxuriance blest ; 
Where no invading hand had been : 

The garden of the West. 

Such must have seemed the land, 

Columbus found of old ; 
Whose beauties lay on eveiy hand, 

Whose charms were never told. 

So to the Christian's eyes. 

The land of promise seems : 
So many a fairy vision lies. 

Before our gaze in dreams. 

Kentucky ! years have passed 

Since first they pressed the sod ; 
Another race its lot has cast. 

Where once the Indian trod. 

Fair as thou wert of old. 

The patriot's cause be thine. 
Thy sons for Liberty be bold, 

For Freedom's rights divine. 

E. G. B. 



56 




Benezet instructing' colored children* 

ANTHONY BENEZET. 

This celebrated philanthropist was a native of Fiance. On 
account of religious persecution in that country, his parents, in 
1731, removed to London. While here, the family adopted the 
religious opinions of the Society of Friends, and in 1731, emigra- 
ted to Philadelphia. In his zeal to do good, he left a profitable 
mercantile business, and devoted himself to the instruction of 
youth. He was a friend to the poor and distressed of every de- 
scription, and labored most earnestly for their relief and welfare. 
He made great exertions to have the slave trade suppressed. The 
unfortunate and degraded situation of the African race in this 
country, deeply moved his sympathy, and he made strong efforts 
for their elevation and improvement. The loss of this benevolent 
man was deeply felt, and his funeral was attended by all religious 
denominations. Many hundred colored persons, with tears, fol- 
lowed his remains to the grave. An American officer of the 
Revolutionary army, in returning from the funeral, pronounced a 
striking eulogium upon him. " I would rather," said he, "be 
Anthony Benezet, in that coffin, than the great Washington with 
all his honors." 



57 

Servant of God ! thy work is done. 

No more thy thoughts employ 
On earth below : the victory's won ! 

" Enter thy master's joy." 

Like him thy suffering bosom heaved, 
Thy tears like rain-drops flowed, 

For suffering, fallen, wretched man. 
Thy soul with mercy glowed. 

Long didst thou meekly strive and toil, 

To raise an injured race, 
And give them hope 'mid keen despair. 

And beings lost embrace. 

The widow and the fatherless, 

With sighs and tears deplore. 
This benefactor of our race 

On earth, they see no more. 

Oh, sainted one ! in this dark world. 

Too few like thee are seen ; 
" Like angel heavenly visitants. 

Too few and far between." 

No hollow, false, deceitful tears. 

O'er Benezet are shed. 
Thy memory will live above. 

When earth gives up its dead. 

No rattling drum, no volley loud, 
Speaking of war's dread trade ; 

No gaudy banners proudly wave. 
Where thy remains are laid : 

Oh no ! angelic hosts attend. 

Thy spirit to convey. 
From these dark bewildering scenes. 

To endless, perfect day. 

Kind heaven doth guard thy sleeping dust. 
Though scattered round, abroad : 

Thy spirit sweetly rests within 
The bosom of thy God ! 



58 




FOUNDING OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE. 

In 1770, Dr. Wheelock removed from Connecticut, his family 
and school to Hanover, New Hampshire, and laid the foundation 
of Dartmouth College at that place. The roads at that period, 
being rough and unfinished, the pupils performed the journey on 
foot. The site selected for the college and other buildings, was 
an extensive plain, shaded with lofty pines, with no accommoda- 
tions except two or three log huts. A college and other buildings 
were erected and partially finished before the autumnal snows 
set in. In the ensuing winter, the snow lay four feet in depth, 
between four and five months. " Sometimes standing in the 
open air, at the head of his numerous family. Dr. Wheelock pre- 
sented to God their morning and evening prayers: the surround- 
ing forests, for the first time reverberated the solemn sounds of 
supplication and praise." 

In the deep shadow of the solemn wood, 

With rustling pines, and woodland songsters nigh, 

The man of God amid his scholars stood. 

And raised the tuneful song of praise on high. 

Dartmouth, endeared to science is thy name. 
Thy bounteous gift yet still shall long endure. 



59 



These dauntless hearts, these weary travelers came. 
Thy gift for unborn thousands to secure. 

No pompous rites the pleasing service crow^ned, 
No organs swell, no costly robes wore there, 

But murmurs of the forest reigned around, 

Unbroken save by sounds of praise and prayer. 

It was a simple structure which they reared, 
Deep in the heart of that secluded grove, 

But by the labor of their hands endeared. 
And hallowed by a blessing from above. 

Far different this from proud ancestral piles, 
Beyond the sea, 'mid England's stately homes, 

"Where shadowy stillness reigned in cloistered aisles, 
The dust of centuries, on ponderous tomes. 

Where pale monastic men still pondered o'er. 
Old volumes saved from all destroying time. 

Not such famed Dartmouth, was thy treasured store, 
Nor dim religious splendor such as theirs, was thine. 

But through the winter's storm, and summer's heat, 
Fair Science, did thy children gather there, 

The Indian youth sat at Instruction's feet. 
With his white brother, void of slavish fear. 



Deep lay the snow its humble walls around. 
When winter's wind came howling fiercely by ; 

Their couch oft-times in summer's heat the ground. 
And the blue vault above, their canopy. 

Such Dartmouth, were thy " founding times" of old, 
Clouds of the morn that ushered in thy days. 

Of calm prosperity when we behold 

Thy numerous sons, rehearse old Dartmouth's praise. 



60 



lllii'!liiillffi'ir;=i=J^ GZr^"^^ SEE==,^^ 




Washington asking pardon of Mr. Payne. 

WASHINGTON'S ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. 



In 1754, Washington, then a young man of 22 years of age, 
was stationed with his regiment at Alexandria. At this time, an 
election for public officers took place, and the contest between 
the candidates became exciting and severe. A dispute took place 
between Mr. Payne and Washington, in which the latter, (an 
occurrence very uncommon with him,) became warm, and said 
something which gave Mr. Payne so much offense, that he 
knocked Washington down. Instead of flymg into a passion, 
and sending him a challenge to fight a duel, as was expected, 
Washington, upon mature reflection, finding that he had been 
the aggressor, he resolved to ask pardon of Mr. Payne on the 
morrow. Accordingly he met Mr. Payne the next day, and ex- 
tended his hand in a friendly manner : " Mr, Payne," said he, 
" to err is nature : to rectify error is glory. I find I was wrong 
yesterday : but I wish to be right to day. You have had some 
satisfaction : and if you think that was sufficient, here's my hand : 
let us be friends." It is hardly necessary to state, that ever after- 
wards they were eo. 



61 



Great Washington ! more noble far thou wert, 
When like a suppliant thou didst meekly yield, 

Than when thy banners waved in victory high, 
O'er foemen prostrate on the battle field. 



Thou canst forgive ! oh heavenly blessed power! 

Our brother frail, his insults to forgive, 
To rise above revenge, that passion strong. 

And good for evil, kindly, nobly give ! 

True courage this ! that nobly dares do right. 
Nor heeds the proud, the puny Avorldling's scorn i 

Fears not the slanderous tongue, or hellish spite. 
But bravely, boldly, meets the thick'ning storm. 

He soars above the fogs that close him round. 
The dark sulphureous clouds that frown below, 

To realms above, where seraph voices sound. 
Where Love and Friendship pure, forever glow. 

So like Monadnock's lofty towering height. 
When all below the murky clouds deform ; 

Though lightning's flash, though loud the thunder rolls, 
In sunshine peers above the raging storm. 

Oh little souls, that have no strength to rise 
Above an insult : choose the better part. 

Cherish the noble feeling of the soul, 

That crushes hate when rising in the heart. 

Be like the Father of your country bold, 
'Tis Godlike thus, for evil good inspire ; 

It calms the stubborn spirit sweetly down. 
Melting the soul with coals of heavenly fire ! 

6 J, w. B. 



62 




GEN. REED REFUSING THE BRIBE. 



In May, 1778, when Gen. Joseph Reed, of Pennsylvania, was 
a member of the American Congress, three Commissioners from 
Great Britain, Governor Johnstone one of them, addressed pri- 
vate letters to Francis Dana, Robert Morris, and Gen. Reed, to 
secure their influence towards restoring harmony with the mother 
country, by giving up their independence. But the attempt was 
in vain with these patriots. Gen. Reed, who was somewhat des- 
ponding of the American cause, had a direct proposition made to 
him, by a lady employed by Gov. Johnstone, that if he would 
eflect a re-union between the two countries, that ten thousand 
pounds, and the best office in the gift of the crown in America, 
should be at his disposal. He replied, " that he was not worth 
purchasing, but such as he was, the king of Great Britain was 
not rich enough to do it." 



No honors high, bestowed by kingly hands ; 

No glory bright, to gain the mob's applause ; 
Nor titles proud to cluster round his name, 

Can move the hero from his country's cause. 



63 

No mines of gold can draw the patriot's soul, 
Who to his country stands : no golden shower 

Can blind his vision to his country's good ; 

In virtue strong, he scorns the tempter's power. 

When titled men clothed with official power, 
To tempt his soul with wealth and honor high, 

He spurns the bribe ! and nobly, boldly tells, 
Though poor, no king is rich enough to buy. 

No threats of dangers, chains or banishment, 
Or gifts of wealth, or power, or titled name, 

Can daunt, or lure the noble lofty soul. 
That feels, oh Liberty ! thy sacred flame. 

My country ! sacred home ! I feel the power 
These magic watch words give the inmost soul ; 

More potent far than kingly mandates are, 
The patriot's noble spirit to control. 

Though tyrant's stalk around with pomp and power. 
Boasting with pride that God hath made them so. 

Freedom " though crushed to earth shall rise again," 
And men its lasting triumphs yet shall know. 

What hosts are crushed by dire oppression's chain. 
Throughout the wide-spread earth around, abroad ; 

And creep and cringe before their fellow-worms, 
Who claim the high prerogative of God. 

Go make those little craven servile souls. 
Their birth-right for a mess of pottage give ; 

The high bom soul disdains the proffered bribe. 
And nobly scorns in slavery's garb to live ! 

J. W. B. 



64 




PASSING THE DELAWARE. 

The summer and fall of the year 1776, was the most gloomy 
period of the American Revolution. After a series of disasters. 
Gen. Washington was obliged to retreat from New York towards 
Pennsylvania. The army, which had consisted of 30,000 men, 
was reduced to about 3000. Many of these were ragged, without 
shoes, and pinched with hunger. Their footsteps through the 
ice and snow, were marked with blood as they fled before the 
enemy. The American cause seemed desperate, and Congress 
recommended to each of the States, to observe " a day of solemn 
fasting and humiliation before God." Washington saw the ne- 
cessity of striking a successful blow for the salvation of his coun- 
try. On the night of Dec. 25th, 1776, the army re-crossed the 
Delaware, and advanced to attack a division of Hessians, who 
lay at Trenton in fancied security. They were taken by surprise. 
A few with their commander. Col. Rahl, were killed, and 1000 
were made prisoners. 

The oppressor's marshalled hosts mighty in arms 
advance. The sons of Freedom flee before their 
haughty foes. The full fed tyrants stalk around. 



65 

The men of servile souls creep forth and do them 
homage. The lonely star of Freedom bright shi- 
ning on these western shores, grows dim, and dark 
sulphureous storms now brood around. 

In war's dread strife, our father's ranks grew thin 
and scattered. They bent before the raging storm. 
Through ice and snow, their footsteps marked their 
path with blood. With fleets and armies strong, 
the foe pursued, resolved to crush the feeble few, 
who nobly stood in arms for freedom's holy cause. 

The heavens grew dark with clouds ; the tem- 
pest thickened round their path, their friends grew 
sad and silent. Crushed down, but not destroyed, 
our fathers hearts grew firm and strong. Like 
the firm oak that shoots its roots into the earth, 
more deep and strong, when rudely shaken by the 
whirlwind blast ! 

One band remained. Firm in their country's 
bleeding cause, they scorn to yield. One mighty 
effort more to make for freedom, sinking beneath 
the tyrant's power, they forward move. With lion 
hearts, and arms of steel, resolved on victory high, 
or nobly fall as martyrs for the rights of men. 

They cross the raging flood, 'mid wintry blasts 
and crackling ice. Safely they reach the other shore. 
Their ranks in stern array are formed. Onward 
they press on icy pavement strong. The mortal 
conflict hastens on. An Empire's fate hangs trem- 
bling in the breeze. Freedom is lost, or victory 
won. 

The thoughts of home steal o'er and fill their 
souls. Perhaps the coming storm will lay them low 
in blood, and those they love will see their forms no 
6* 



66 



more. Their souls are moved within. They curse 
that lust of power and pride that swims in tears 
and blood. To crush this power, they boldly breast 
the leaden, deadly, thundering storm ! 

The sun had tipped the distant hills with silvery 
light, when roused from sleep, the foe appeared in 
sight. Columbia's chieftain rises in his might, and 
waves aloft his flashing steel. Once more ! my 
fellow soldiers brave ! once more ! he cried. For 
Freedom high now boldly strike ! 

As when some mighty storm, with whirlwind 
power, sweeps o'er the plain, so rushed our fathers 
on the haughty foe. Dismayed, o'er-powered and 
crushed, they fell before the fiery tempest. They 
lay their weapon in the dust and ask for life. Fair 
Freedom smiled in tears of joy, that now this west- 
ern world was free ! 

Though storms may rage, and blacker grow the 
skies, desert not Truth, or Freedom's holy cause. 
With heart sincere, oh firmly breast the howling 
storm, and quail not before the lightning's flash. 
The right shall yet prevail, the foe shall fall, and 
final victory yet shall come ! 




67 




WASHINGTON AT MORRISTOWN, N. J. 

In 1777, the American army were obliged to retire before the 
superior force of the enemy, in the vicinity of Philadelphia, and 
encamped at Valley Forge, about 22 miles distant. The army 
arrived at this place, about the 18th of December, and it is said 
that they might bave been tracked, by the blood of the soldiers 
feet, in marching bare-footed over the hard, frozen ground. The 
army built themselves log-huts, or cabins, for a shelter ; but they 
endured extreme suffering, from the want of provisions, blankets 
and clothing, and many perished from privations and disease. 
The American army had also suffered much the previous winter, 
when they lay at Morristown, N. J. It is related, that on one 
occasion, Washington told one of his hungry men, to go to his 
table and refresh himself, while he would take his gun and per- 
form the duty of a common soldier, as a sentinel in his place. 
The commander-in-chief, by many similar acts of condescension, 
greatly endeared himself to the American soldiers. ^ 

'Mid winter's howling storms of snow and ice, 

The soldiers still with hope inspired, 
Reared their rude cabins 'mid the chilling blasts 

With love of home and freedom fired. 



68 



111 clad they shivered in the wintry wind. 
No blasts could cool their hearts desire ; 

By hunger sore, and fell disease they fell. 
And in their country's cause expire. 

True heroes these ! that stand like valiant men. 
Though sufferings many, keen and long ; 

No bribes can move them from their country's cause. 
For freedom firm ! in virtue strong ! 

Great Washington their life of hardships shares, 

With courage bold and martial grace 
His presence cheers the faint desponding heart. 

He takes the humblest soldiers place. 

Greatness of mind is this, that soars above 

The petty place of rank and birth, 
That feels for every man a brother's love ; 

Such are the noblest minds on earth. 

,The noble chieftain scorns, disdains to leave 

His soldiers in their sore distress ; 
He shares the sufferings, dangers, toils. 

Which round his soldiers hourly press. 

Thy spirit Liberty ! our Fathers felt. 

With Hon hearts, and upward eye ; 
Firmly they stood in Freedom's holy cause, 

Nor cowered beneath the angry sky. 



69 




FUNERAL OF GEN. FRAZER. 

In October, 1777, Gen. Burgoyne, when advancing upon the 
Northern States from Canada, was effectually checked in his 
progress at Saratoga. Near this place, a bloody battle waa 
fought, in which Gen. Frazer, one of the principal officers of the 
enemy, fell, mortally wounded, by a shot from one of Morgan's 
rifle men. As he lay dying he was heard to e.\claim, " oh fatal 
ambition !" " oh my poor wife !" He was buried according to 
his request, on an elevation near Hudson river, on whicli was a 
battery. His remains were attended to the grave, at 6 o'clock 
in the evening, by the general officers ; and the funeral scene is 
described as unusually solemn, impressive and awful, by the voice 
of the chaplain, being accompanied by constant peals from the 
American artillery, and the cannon shot which flew thick around 
and near the procession. 



The warrior sleeps, he wakes no more, 
At glory's voice of chivalry : 



70 



His part am'd the strife is o'er ; 
He starts not at the cannon's roar, 
Nor rolling drum, nor musketry. 



No more the soldier leads the band, 

Of Britain's warlil^e infantry, 
They hear no more his stern command, 
Nor gleams his sword, nor waves his hand. 
Urging to death or victory. 



The rifle lays the chieftain low, 

By Morgan, aimed so tlitally. 
He falls where streams of life blood flow. 
Where comrades 'neath the deadly blow, 
Have fallen, wounded mortally. 



So " glory leads, but to the grave," 
Such was the soldier's destiny. 
To meet his doom he crossed the wave. 
His life blood flowed, his deeds so brave. 
Were given for chains and slavery. 



In evening shadows sinks the sun. 

And life departs thus mournfully. 
Its brightness fades in shadows dun. 
And so the hero's course was run, 
And ended thus in tragedy. 



His lifeless form is home on high, 
In solemn martial pageantry 
While threat'ning clouds obscure the sky. 
And fires of death are flashing nigh, 
And roar of dread artillery. 



71 



They grant the soldier's last request, 

Though death flies round so fearfully, 
They lay the warrior down to rest, 
The turf upon his lifeless breast, 
His grave is in the battery. 



Ashes to ashes ! dust to dust ! 

The chaplain's voice thus steadily, 
Gives back to earth its mournful trust. 
Slowly and sadly as he must, 

Amid war's dread artillery. 



And in the soldier's native land. 

The tidings fall most heavily ; 
The wailings of his household band, 
O'er him, laid low by war's dread hand. 
The spirit move to sympathy. 

Oh when shall war's dread tumult cease, 

And brothers dwell in unity, 
The captive from his chains release : 
Father of all ! oh give us peace. 

And heaven born love and harmony. 



T2 




Count Donop mortally wounded at Red Bank. 

COUNT DONOP. 

In 1777, Col Donop, a brave Hessian officer, made an attack 
on the Red Bank, an American fortification, on the New Jersey 
side of the Delaware. Col. Greene, the commander, having 
retired to an inner fort before the attack, the Hessians entered 
the out-works with shouts, supposing they had gained the victory. 
But as they advanced a short distance, a most terrible and over- 
whelming fire, strewed the ground with the dead and dying. 
Count Donop, mortally wounded, was conveyed to the house of 
a Friend near by, where he expired. " See in me," said the dy- 
ing Count, " the vanity of human pride ! I have shone in the 
courts of Europe ; and am now dying in the house of an obscure 
Quaker !" 



Dark lowering clouds float o'er the sky afar, 
Fit emblem of the dark'ning shade of war : 
Above the smiling land of peace outspread, 
Where bannered armies of invaders tread. 



73 

The Hessian warrior onwaixl leads the way 

To scenes of blood, in battles proud array ; 

Bright visions dazzling float before his gaze, 

When sovereign tongues shall speak the soldier's praise 

When laurel wreaths shall crown his brow with fame ; 
When beauty's lips shall proudly speak his name ; 
When minstrel harps amid his native land. 
Shall sound the victories of his conquering hand. 

With pride he bids the band of freemen brave, 
Who nobly sought their native land to save. 
Lay down their hostile arms, or else prepare. 
The traitors ignominious doom to share. 



His soldiers mount the walls, and victory cry. 
Their shouts exulting, and their banners high. 
When see ! they downward sink ! in groans they fall ! 
A storm of deadly fire sweeps o'er them all ! 



Alas, poor Donop ! whither now have fled 

The dreams which their enchantment round thee shed 

Thy noble form all crushed and mangled lies, 

In blood, in groans, in mortal agonies. 

" Oh cursed ambition ! false deceitful spell, 
Hath lured me on to learn the trade of hell ; 
Hath led me far across the rolling sea. 
To crush a nation struggling to be free. 

Sinking in death, uncared for, and unknown, 
I lie, who 'mid the pomp of courts have shone : 
No gentle voice shall whisper words of peace, 
Or bid the parting spirit sweet release !" 

7 



74 

Not so the Christian Soldier ! though he dies, 
He wins a crown beyond the starry skies : 
With peaceful hope he yields his latest breath, 
And gains the victory in the hour of death. 

No mad ambition goads him to the field, 
Against the widow, and the orphan steeled ; 
To gain on History's brilliant page a name. 
Though men may bleed, may die to give him fame* 

But Love, sweet Love ! impelled alone by thee, 
The Christian Soldier, fetterless and free. 
The wretched cheers ! the drooping heart shall raise, 
Though none on earth may ever speak his praise. 

But when the dread and final hour shall rise. 
And rolling thunders cleave the parted skies ; 
When dire convulsions rend the stormy spheres ; 
And o'er the wreck of time the Judge appears : 

The Christian Hero, in that hour shall stand, 
Arrayed in shining robes at his right hand ; 
On Life's fair book shall there be traced his name, 
In lines of living Light ! to deathless fame ! 





DEATH OF BARON DE KALB. 



The Baron de Kalb, a General in the American Revolutionary 
army, was a native of Germany, born about the year 1717. He 
fell mortally wounded in a battle near Camden, S. C, while 
vainly attempting to prevent the defeat of the Americans under 
Gen. Gates, August, 1780. He appears to have had a kind of 
presentiment, that he would fall in the approaching contest, which 
he expressed to several of the American officers, who were deeply 
affected by this circumstance. Said this brave foreigner, " To 
die, is the irreversible decree of Him who made us. Then what 
joy to be able to meet death without dismay. This, thank God, 
is my case. The happiness of man is my wish : that happiness 
I deem inconsistent with slavery. And to avert so great an evil 
from an innocent people, I will gladly meet the British to-mor- 
row, at any odds whatever." 

An aged hero from a distant land, 

For freedom's cause hath crossed the sea , 

The brave de Kalb, a name to freemen dear, 
Periled his all for Liberty. 



^Si — "- jiea^ iiesi^ 






-JET 



~y ii.T r 3if*^k 



i 










3S^ 



78 



of these harmless Christian Indians." The unchristian savages 
were themselves amazed at this bloody deed. They said that 
they had endeavored to draw their brethren back to heathenism, 
but that the Great Spirit, in order to prevent it, had taken thera 
to himself. 



Our time is come ! when we must go 
Into the " Spirit Land " on high ; 

The cruel white man false has proved, 
And basely led us here to die. 

Great God of all ! on thee we call ; 

Our murderous foes around us press ; 
Our souls receive : be with us now. 

Nor leave us in our sore distress. 

'Mid pale faced savage, cruel men. 

These Christian Martyrs meekly stood, 

Like harmless lambs, 'mid cruel wolves> 
Like those of old, they call on God. 

He gives his servants mighty power, 
Courage to meet their threatened doom, 

And with his smile to cheer the hour, 
Of danger's deepest, darkest gloom. 

These servants of the living God, 
Unite in hymns of joyful praise, 

Meet the last earthly summons dread. 
And loud their songs of triumph raise. 

" Make haste ! no longer sing and pray ; 

Make haste, your blood we wait to shed :" 
So spake the fell, infemal crew, 

Like wolves impatient to be fed. 



79 



One loved, and long, and last embrace ; 

They pardon all, and are forgiven ; 
Meekly they die, calling on God, 

Like Stephen, look, and rise to heaven. 

Oh sacred power ! that nerves the soul. 
To suffer death 'mid scenes like this : 

Above the world the spirit soars. 
Resting in lasting heavenly bliss. 

Silent in death these martyrs lay ; 

They triumphed in the darkest hour : 
Like saints of old, they nobly fell 

'Mid hellish spite, and demon power. 

The savage pagan hears the tale. 

How white men kill the men that pray ; 

Amazed he stands at deeds like this, 
Murder most foul in open day. 



" Oft have we tried to draw them back. 
No more the Christian's God to love," 

This to prevent, the red men said, 
" Their God has taken them above." 




80 




Prince Gallitzin, at Loreito, Peiin. 

PRINCE GALLITZIN. 

Demetrius Augustus Gallitzin, a Catholic clergyman of 
Cambria Co., Penn., was born at Munster, in Germany. His 
father, Prince de Gallitzin, ranked among the highest nobility of 
Russia ; his mother was the daughter of a celebrated Field Mar- 
shal, under Frederick the Great. The young Prince held a high 
commission in the Russian army from his infancy. While quite 
a youth, he came to America, and landed at Baltimore in 1782. 
He soon turned his attention to the christian ministry, and for 42 
years exercised the pastoral office in Cambria County. When he 
first came to this place, situated among the Alleghany mountains, 
he found it a wilderness, but by great labor and privations, and 
after expending a princely fortune, he succeeded in making " the 
wilderness to blossom as the rose." He who might have reveled 
in princely halls, spent thirty years in a log cabin, denying him- 
self, that he might raise the fallen, clothe the naked, and feed the 
hungry. He died in May, 1840, at Loretto, near Ebensburg, 
aged 70 years. 

Servant of God ! thy heavenly mission's o'er, 
Thy work in this dark world is done j 



81 

Thy Master calls thee to a throne above ; 
Thy conflict's past ! thy victory's won i 

Though born in princely halls and nursed with pride. 
Though wealth was thine, and honor, fame ; 

Too poor it proved, to fill a soul like thine, 
That sought a new and holier name. 

Then ask not with a bigot's purblind zeal, 

Which 1 Paul or Cephas he preferred : 
But did he strive to do his master's will. 

And did he humbly walk with God ] 

Oh for that love of Truth ! that looks above. 

The feeling of a bigot's heart ; 
That tramples down the walls that men would raise. 

To keep God's servants wide apart. 

Gallitzin! born a nobleman of God, 

Thyself thou didst not seek to please. 
By shrinking far away to cloistered walls, 

To doze out life in listless ease. 

Oh no ! but like thy master, thou didst toil. 

Among a fallen race, around, abroad. 
And preach his gospel to the humble poor. 

And call the wandering back to God. 

The splendors of a royal Court were left. 

To hush the cries of sore distress : 
To clothe the naked, feed the hungry poor. 

The widow and the orphan bless. 

Did glory bring thee to the tented field. 

And warlike hosts await thy nod 1 
Oh no ! thou liv'st to save the lives of men. 

Yes ! like thy Savior, Jesus, God. 

Oh for that time ! when men like Christ shall live ! 

Too few like thee, oh sainted one. 
Thy heavenly Master's footsteps here have trod : 

Servant of God, well done ! well done ! 

J. W. B. 



82 




COUNCIL OF THE MOHAWK WOMEN. 



Justice has hardly been clone to the virtues of the Indian wo- 
men of our country. Instances have been known, when by their 
influence as peace-makers, they have prevented many bloody 
wars. Alive to the interests of those dear to them, they have 
implored those who had the power to stop the traffic of spirituous 
liquors, the use of which has ruined so many tribes. In May, 
1802, the Mohawk women assembled in council, to which they 
called the celebrated Capt. Brant, and other chieftains of the tribe. 
Addressing them as Uncles, in the Indian manner, they lamented 
the many misfortunes among them caused by drinking the "Jire 
waters," and implored them to stop the trade. There being con- 
tentions among the Mohawk warriors and chieftains, they en- 
treated them to bury all disputes, and added, that as they had in 
a great measure been the cause of stirring up their male relations, 
they would do it no more. Capt. Brant replied, addressing them 
as " nieces," that they would do their best to have these evils done 
away. 

Blest are the messengers of peace, 
Who come with soothing power, 



To bid the storms of passion cease, 
In hatred's darkest hour. 



In every clime, fair woman mild, 

Her gentle sceptre wields, 
And man's proud spirit, stern and wild, 

Beneath its influence yields. 



When the accursed " fire waters " came, 

Among the Indian race. 
To kindle hatred to a flame. 

With misery and disgrace. 



Then gentle woman's voice was heard, 
The Mohawk matron's prayed. 

The honored chieftains of their race, 
For Riffht to lend their aid. 



The white man comes with draughts of fire, 

To barter here for gain ; 
Sons, brothers, sires, the poison drink. 

With misery on its train. 



The mother's prayers, the wife's deep sighs. 

The sister's hapless lot ; 
The tears that fall from orphan's eyes. 

Alike are heeded not. 



Brother with brother madly strives. 
Ruled by a demon sway. 

And fiercely shed each others blood. 
Like ravenous beasts of prey. 



84 



" Oh bid the murderous traffic cease, 
Ye chieftains of our race ; 

And to the reign of peace and love, 
These fiendish deeds give place. 



Oh drive the poison far away, 
And bid the white man bring 

The maddening liquor here no more. 
Nor touch the accursed thing. 



So let our simple prayer be heard, 
Our by-gone joys restore ; 

Bury the hatchet in the earth, 
And live in peace once more." 



The chieftains listened to their prayer. 
And pledged their vow that day, 

To touch no more the poisonous draught. 
But drive it far away. 



So woman should thy voice be heard. 
And so thine influence given ; 

Quelling the stormy passions power. 
Leading the soul to Heaven. 



85 




CAMPBELL'S GRAVE. 

On the 5th of July, 1779, a body of 3000 men, under the com- 
mand of Gen. Tryon, landc'd near New Haven, Conn., and pro- 
ceeded to the invasion of that place. About 1500 of the enemy, 
under Gen. Garth, landed at West Haven Point, and took up 
their march for New Haven. Their march along the summit of 
Milford Hill, with their scarlet uniform, and well burnished arms 
flashing in the sun beams, is described as a most imposing scene. 
Adjutant Campbell, tall and elegant in person, of splendid mili- 
tary appearance, and the idol of the soldiers, commanded one of 
the advance guards of the enemy. He was shot down by some 
of the militia, who had hastily assembled to oppose their progress. 
He was carried into a humble dwelling near by, where he ex- 
pired. His body was found on a bed unattended, and was car- 
ried on a sheep-rack to his grave. The spot is still to be seen, 
designated by a small rough stone, on which is inscribed, " Camp- 
bell, 1779," erected, by the Author of this work, in Sept. 1844. 



No marble monument is thine ; 
No stately pile, no massive tomb, 

8 



86 



Where waving banners proudly shine, 

Amid the Abbey's gloom : 
No pompous strains to tell thy praise ; 
No child of song awakes his lays ; 
No organ's peal through arches high, 
A requiem to thy memory. 



No, thine is but a lowly grave, 

Beneath New England's deep blue sky ; 
Its summer flowerets o'er thee wave. 

Its winds thy requiem sigh : 
A lowly grave, one simple stone, 
Tells of thy song linked name alone ; 
Alone, afar ! above the plain, 
Thy sleeping dust doth still remain. 



Sleep on, oh gallant soldier thou ! 

Sleep on and take thy dreamless rest ; 
Death's seal upon thy noble brow, 

The turf upon thy breast : 
But calm beneath these smiling skies. 
The forest city near thee lies, 
The murmuring river rolls between. 
Her stern old rocks, her bowers of green. 



Perhaps amid thy native land. 

Thine own fair isle beyond the sea, 

The loved ones of thy household band. 
Looked long in vain for thee : 

For thee they watched through long bright hours ; 

For thee they decked their green wood bowers ; 

And listened at the homestead door, 

For footsteps they should hear no more. 



87 



Oh bright thy country's banners danced, 

And fluttered in the morning light ; 
And flashing steel and scarlet glanced, 

All bathed in radiance bright : 
At night their path was lone once more. 
The drum was still, the strife was o'er : 
And thou the noblest of them all, 
Doomed in the foremost ranks to fall. 



Full many a year since then has passed, 

Of toil for blood bought liberty : 
Right manfidly the die was cast, 

For death or victory. 
And now our flag floats far and wide. 
Its stars and stripes, our country's pride. 
And we a people brave and free. 
To God alone bow heart and knee. 



But when the last dread trump shall sound, 
And like a scroll roll back these skies, 

From every bloody battle ground. 
Earth's myriad hosts shall rise ; 

And marshaled rank on rank shall stand. 

The warrior hosts of every land ; 

Then forests wild, and ocean's bed. 

Alike that day give up their dead. 

E. G. B. 




68 



: , \} If //^ , Iff A- 




THE WESTERN MISSIONARY. 

About the year 1800, at the period of the first settlement of 
our western states, itinerant missionaries were sent from the east 
to labor in the new settlements scattered here and there in the 
wilderness. In order to extend the light of religion, and lay the 
foundation of happine-s and intelligence to a great people yet to 
corne, these devoted men endured much toil, danger and suffering 
in the tedious forests, unknown deserts, and trackless uninhabited 
regions. One of these missionaries, while travelling in the north- 
ern section, in the depth of winter, became bewildered and be- 
numbed by the chilling frost. He was found sometime after- 
M-ards, having been frozen to death while on his knees, in the 
attitude of prayer. 

. Tkue Patriot of the human race is he, 

A soul of noble, yea of heavenly birth ; 
Who lives to scatter ligh;t aiid love abroad. 
The faithful servant of his God on earth. 



No golden region far doth lure him on, 
Nor hope of honor bright, nor selfish love 



89 



Inspires his breast: his soul, with eagle eye. 
Looks upwards to the realms above. 

What though thy lowly name will not appear 

Upon the musty rolls of human fame, 
In God's own book of everlasting life 

Is found inscribed thy new and holier name. 

The proud of earth may scorn thy humble mien. 
Despise thy work, disdain thy feeble voice ; 

Angels attend thee in thy mission round, 
And ever in thy labors kind rejoice. 

Through forests dark and wild, o'er mountains high. 
In wilds wherever human foot has trod. 

To dark benighted, fallen, wretched men. 
Thou art the high Ambassador of God. 

No ravening beasts, nor savage cruel men. 
Thy firm and dauntless heart can ever move. 

Nor summer's burning heat, nor winter's cold. 
Can stay thy noble embassy of love. 

Thou laborest still ; waiting thy masters will. 
To be discharged, and calmly then obey, 

The summons to 'thine everlasting rest. 
In realms of endless hght ! eternal day ! 

The time is come ! fierce howls the wintry blast ; 

No farther onward can the wanderer go ; 
Kneeling, on God he calls ; calmly he dies. 

Amid a lonely wilderness of snow. 

Oh thus to die ! and nobly thus to fall ! 

When on a mission, holy, high like this ; 
Immortal honor bright, it gives the soul, 

*' Sacred, substantial, never fading bliss." 

Angelic hosts now hail thee welcome home ; 

Thy godlike spirit dwells among the just ; 
Though ravening wolves may howl, and roam aroundv 

Thy God will guard his servant's sleeping dust. 

8* J. w. I 



90 




PERILOUS PASSAGE ON THE LAKES. 

The North American Indians appeared to have far more cor- 
rect views of the Deity than most heathen nations. Though gen- 
erally Polytheists, or believers in many gods, yet they believed 
there was one Supreme God or Great Spirit who ruled over all. 
A person long resident among the Indians, states that he has of- 
ten seen them pray to the Great Spirit when about to engage in 
any enterprise of moment, or hazard. An Indian woman of his 
acquaintance, wishing to visit an island in one of our great North- 
ern Lakes, was in trouble on account of the great hazard of the 
undertaking. Placing herself in the attitude of prayer, she fer- 
vently prayed to the Great Spirit to give her a safe passage. 
Then addressing herself with energy to paddling her frail canoe 
through the foaming waters, she w^as landed on the desired shore 
in safety. 



The thickening foam is on the deep, 

The tall grass waves around, 
And through the pines, the storm winds sweep, 

With wild and mournful sound. 



91 



Afar the sullen waters roar. 

And low the wild bird flies ; 
While threatening clouds portentous soar, 

And darker frown the skies. 

The Indian matron views the scene ; 

Far off yon island lies ; 
Loud roars the pathless gulf between, 

The lake's broad billows rise. 

Undaunted stands the fearless form, 

Of one who dares to brave, 
The fury of the coming storm, 

The madness of the wave. 

" Great Spirit, thou dost rule the sea, 

By thine Almighty power ; 
Thy feeble creature calls on thee. 

Oh save me in this hour ! 

When as the wreaths of smoke rolled by, 

The fiery deluge came, 
Wrapping the prairie, and the sky, 

In one broad sheet of flame. 

And when the deer flew quickly past, 

Urged on by terror wild. 
And perished in the fiery blast. 

Then thou didst save thy child. 

When the fierce wolf, and panther howled. 

Around their forest den, 
And round my pathway wildly howled, 

Still thou wert with me then. 



92 



When cruel foemen like a flood, 

O'erwhelmed our smiling land, 
Nor spared the tender infants blood, 

Thou savest me from their hand. 

Great Spirit ! creature of thy care, 

To thee alone I bow ; 
Thou didst of old in danger spare, 

Oh save thy servant now !" 

The frail canoe has left the shore ; 

Far, far behind it lies ; 
The lightnings flash, the thunders roar. 

And darker grow the skies. 

But still she calls on God to save ; 

She plies the nimble oar ; 
The bark flies on, she skims the wave ; 

She nears, she gains the shore ! 

E. G. B. 





SKENANDOA, THE ONEIDA CHIEF. 

Skenandoa, the celebrated Oneida chief, was the firm and effi- 
cient friend of the United States during the Revolutionary war. 
He was very savage, and addicted to drunkenness during his youth, 
but by the effort of Rev. Mr. Kirtland the missionary, and his 
own reflections, he lived a reformed man more than sixty years, 
and died in Christian hope. He died in 1816, at Oneida Castle, 
near Utica, N. Y., at the advanced age, it is said, of one hundred 
and ten years. He desired to be buried near Mr. Kirtland, his 
beloved minister and father, that he might, (to use his own ex- 
pression,) " Go up with him at the great resurrection." To a 
friend who called on him a short time before his death, he thus 
expressed himself through an interpreter : 

"I am an ased hemlock. The winds of an hundred winters have 
whistled throuLrh my branches ; I am dead at the top. The genera- 
tion to which I belonjred h^ve run awny and left me ; why I live, 
the Great Good Spirit only knows. Pray to my Jesua that I may 
have patience to wait my appointed time to die I" 



Time with unsparing hand, 
Sweeps all away, the dark brown years have sped j 



94 

An aged hemlock, grey with years I stand, 
My leaves are scattered, and my top is dead. 
An hundred winter's winds have o'er me past, 
And left my branches bare amid the chilling blast. 

An hundred springs have brought 
The swelling buds, the flowers, the early rain, 
The sun's bright rays, the forest depths have sought 
And freed the streamlets from their icy chain ; 
They brought the songs of many a woodland bird, 
And the green leaves by balmy breezes stirred. 

But they shall bring to me 
The tender foliage of my youth no more ; 
My Spring is past, and wasted stands the tree 
VVhose beauty. Summer's breath can ne'er restore ; 
Spring, Summer, Autumn, with their charms have flown, 
And in my Winter time I stand alone. 

And all I used to love 
In by.gone years, amid my race are gone ; 
Still smile the fields, where we were wont to rove ; 
My comrades heed no more the blushing dawn, 
Or the wild notes that called them to the chase. 
Like morning vapor, gone ! who, wlio shall fill their place ? 

The streams go bubbling by. 
Beside whose banks, the red man used to stray ; 
The skies as warmly smile ; with softest sigh, 
Amid the moaning grove the breezes play : 
" Will ye come back, oh friends I loved of yore ?" 
The winds reply " No more ! they come no more !" 

Like them I too must go, — 
The good Great Spirit, soon for me will call ; 



95 



Why thus so long, I linger here below, 

I know not ; but my Savior knoweth all ; 

Oh friends, that he will grant me patience, pray, 

That I may calmly wait, through long delay. 

And when that call, I hear, 
And longing, weary, I shall go to rest, 
Lay me by him, who taught me first to fear 
The white man's God, the Father ever blest ; 
Lay me by him, that I with him may wake, 
When the Great Resurrection morn shall break. 

Oh brave and honored chief! 
Death's summons found thee waiting for the day, 
Whose peaceful coming brought thee sweet relief, 
And called the prilgrim from his weary way, 
To join the blood-washed throng around the throne, 
Where age steals on no more, nor grief is known. 

E. 6. B. 





Death of the child of Judge Kingsbury. 

FIRST BORN OF THE RESERVE. 

Amovg the first families that wintered on the Connecticut 
Western Reserve, (the north-eastern section of Ohio,) was that 
of Judge James Kingsbury. They arrived at Conneaut, (some- 
times termed the Plymouth of the Reserve,) during the summer of 
1796, soon after the country was first surveyed. Being compelled 
by business to visit the State of New York, with the expectation 
of a speedy return to his family. Judge Kingsbury was detained 
by a severe sickness till winter set in. As soon as he was able, 
he proceeded on his return, with an Indian to guide him through 
the wilderness. His horse havin^^ been disabled, he left him in 
the snow, and mounting a bag of flour on his own back, he urged 
his way onward towards his family. He finally arrived in safety, 
and found the partner of his cares, reduced by famine to the last 
stages in which life can be supported ; and near her, on a little pal- 
let, lay the remains of his youngest child, born in his absence, who 
had just expired for the want of that nourishment which the mo- 
ther was unable to give. 

Child of Ohio's pioneers ! 

First in its northern wilderness ! 



97 

'Mid wintry storms and forests wild, 
Suffering by hunger, sore distressed ! 

The Mother helpless, lonely, sad. 
In a rough dwelling famished lies: 

Her sufferings keen ; her friends away ; 
Her little one, it moans and dies ! 

Through forest branches bare and high. 
Fierce sweeps the wind the cottage pass ; 

The Wolf-howl and the Panther's scream, 
Are heard above the wintry blast. 

Where is the husband ? father, where 1 
When will he come ? O see thy child ! 

Vain is the call ! louder the wind 
Is heard along the forest wild. 

A weary wanderer, lost, forlorn. 
Perhaps he roams the forest o'er ; 

Perhaps by ravening beasts he's torn, 
Or chilled, he sinks to rise no more. 

So spake in tears the suffering wife ; 

Beside her lay her infant dead. 
First born upon the wild Reserve, 

By hunger sore its spirit fled. 

Through suffering thus, Ohio rose 
Thy fields, from out the wilderness ; 

Thy brave and hardy pioneers. 
Millions of freemen yet shall bless. 

And such was woman's love, that led 
Through western wilds, her fragile form ; 

Like rainbow beauty, softly shed. 

And gleaming brightest through the storm. 
9 



98 




HAN YERRY, AND JUDGE WHITE'S GRAND-CHILD. 

Judge White, the first settler of Whitetown, N. Y., removed 
to that place in 1784. Han Yerry, an Oneida Chief, who lived 
ill the vicinity, called on the Judge one day, and asked him if he 
was his friend ? Yes,he rephed. Well then, said the Indian, do you 
believe that I am your friend ? The Judge again replied, yes. 
Then said Han Yerry, I will tell what I want, then I shall know 
whether you speak true words. The Indian then pointed to a 
little child, the daughter of one of his sons, two or three years old, 
and said : my wife wants to take her home to stay one night with 
us, and we will bring her home to-morrow. The feehngs of the 
grand-father and the mother were put to a severe test. They 
however concluded it would be best to put confidence in the word 
of the savage, and thus appeal to his sense of honor. They were 
told to take the child. A long night and day succeeded, with 
many foreboding fears on the part of the mother. At the close of 
the day, the little child was brought back, arrayed in all the finery 
•of Indian attire. This adventure was the cause of an ardent at- 
tachment between the whites and Indians. 

The Indian clasped the smiling babe, 
And bade the prattler rest. 



99 

In childhood's fearless innocence, 
Upon his dusky breast. 

And towards his forest home he turned, 

While yet the mother's eye 
Looked on her child, and red-browed guest, 

In strange anxiety. 

" Let us be friends," the Indian said. 

This prattling child shall be. 
Between the pale faced race, and mine, 

A pledge of amity. 

Back to the Indian's forest home, 

This child I bear awhile ; 
For one amid the woodland wild 

Will love his infant smile." 

He turns him to depart once more ; 

Pale grows the mother's cheek ! 
The conflict 'twixt her love and fear, 

A mother's heart may speak. 

How shall she let the dear one go, 

Far from its mother's breast ; 
She must, or make a deadly foe 

Of her dark Indian guest. 

Slow through the forest winding path, 

She sees their figures fade ; 
She gazes still, till they are lost 

Amid the deep'ning shade. 

The night wears on, and comes the day. 

But come no chief or child : 
Slow pass the tedious hours away. 

The mother's heart is wild. 

But sudden up the woodland path, 

A stately form appears ; 
They come ! the Indian and the child ; 

Sad mother, dry thy tears. 

Then anxious mother be at rest. 

Kind hearts thy child restore ; 
Thy confidence hath made thy guest 

A friend for evermore. 

LofG. 



100 




Arms of JNVzr Jersey. 

THE INDIAN BLESSING, ON NEW JERSEY. 

I.v 1833, a petition -was presented by Bartholomew S. Calvin, 
an aged Delaware Indian, for some compensation for relinquish- 
ing some rights his tribe had in hunting and fishing in New Jersey. 
The Legislature received the petition, and granted 2,000 dollars, 
being all that was solicited. Calvin returned a letter of thanks to 
the Legislature, in which he feelingly bears his testimony to the 
high sense of jus; ice ever shown by the people of New Jersey, tea 
feeble and wasted people. Said' he, " not a drop-of our blood have 
you spilled in battle. — Not an acre of our land hare you taken 
hut by our consent. *** There may be some who would despise 
an Indian benediction : but when I return to my people, and 
make known the result of my mission, the ear of the Great Sove- 
reign of the Universe, which is still open to our cry, will be pen- 
etrated with our invocation of blessings upon the generous sons of 
New Jersey. * * * * Unable to return them any other compensa- 
tion, I fervently pray that God will have them in his holy keep- 
ing,*** and receive them into his kingdom above," 

Brothers ! to you the mighty and stout hearted. 
To you, who fitly speak the white man's power ; 

Type of a race, whose glory is departed. 
Aged and weak I come to you this hour. 



These broad green fields, these hills, these woodlands hoary >. 
The chieftains of our nation trod of old : 



101 



Oar smiling Ukes» oar rivers fraught with story. 
We oflfer to your pale meed race for gold. 

For proudly to your honor, be it spcJten, 

Since first the white man soo^t these vales we treaxi^ 
No treaty of our peace, has yet been broken. 

No drop of Indian blood has yet been died. 

Farewell ! we go, and blesings be upon you : 
The Indian's path is towards " the setting son ^ 

Yoor kmdly deeds, your noWe acts hare won yoa 
The Red Man's thanks, long as his lite shall nm. 

Let others scorn the bomble boon we pro&r. 

An Indian's benediciion on yoor lot, 
^Tis all we hare to give ; and tins we ofkxy 

Thoegh humble, hearts like yonis, will spam it not. 

And when towards home, our journey we are wending. 
And teil the deeds of noble heans and true ; 

Then grateful prayers, and warmest bieaangs, blending. 
Shall reach the Almighty's ears for yours, and von. 

So spake the Indian, and'no prouder story 

Eer graced the hsB of worldly rank and fame ; 
No other State can boast the meed of giory. 
That's linked New Jersey with tiune hfluned name. 




102 




THE MOTHER PERISHING WITH COLD. 

In December, 1827, Mr. Blake, with his wife and infant daugh- 
ter, while traveling in a sleigh over the Green Mountains in 
Vermont, were overtaken by a snow storm. The storm was so 
thick and furious, that their horse refused to stir. Mr. B., realiz- 
ing his dangerous position, after protecting his wife and child as 
well as he could against the storm left them, intending to seek 
for aid at the first house he could find. He was soon benumbed 
by the cold, and fell, and found himself unable to rise. His wife, 
as is supposed, alarmed at his long absence, left the sleigh in or- 
der to find him. When within thirty rods of her husband, she 
was overcome by the cold. Knowing her fate, she stripped her- 
self of the thickest part of her clothing and wrapped up her infant 
daughter. Mr. Blake was found alive the next morning, with 
his hands and feet badly frozen : the body of his wife was found 
lifeless and cold : and lifting up the infant from its snowy bed, 
the hearts of the beholders were rejoiced to see it smile. In the 
following stanzas, some extracts are taken from Mrs. Seba 
Smith's expressive lines on this touching incident. 

The storm was fierce, the wintry blast 
Howled deep at close of day j 



103 

And where the snow fell thick and fast, 

The travelers pressed their way : 
The husband, wife, and infant child, 
Alone, amid the tempest wild. 

To save that cherished wife and child. 
The husband braves the snow ; 

But the fierce storm grew still more wild. 
He can no farther go : 

*Tis vain against the blast to press. 

He sinks amid the wilderness. 

And she the mother with her child ! 

Sweet woman's song has told. 
How bravely in the tempest wild. 

She braved the blast so cold : 
And how that frail defenceless form 
Pressed on, still on, amid the storm. 

And how the mantle from her breast. 

She folded round her child ; 
And as she sank at last to rest. 

Upon her infant smiled ; 
With love that death could never chill, 
Pressed to her heart that infant still. 

Now fiercely howled the wolf afar, 

And loudly roared the blast. 
With chill of death : the morning star 

Its ray around him cast ; 
And waving pines, with mournful sound. 
So deep and solemn, wailed around. 

At dawn the traveler passed by. 

And found her icy form. 
Who, when no earthly friend was nigh. 

Perished amid the storm : 
" He moved the robe from off the child — 
The babe looked up and sweetly smiled." 

A mother's love ! thus, thus through all 

It lives through every ill : 
No storms its courage can appal. 

Nor icy blast can chill: 
Like evergreens 'mid wintry snows. 
With brighter beauty ever glows. 



104 




CHURCH IN THE WILDERNESS. 

In the western part of Virginia, in the mountainous region, the 
country is thinly settled, and the roads few. In some counties 
there are no settled clergymen, and the inhabitants are princi- 
pally dependent on itinerant preachers, to conduct the public 
worship of their larger religious assemblies. In order to enjoy 
their religious privileges, they assemble together from a large 
district of the surrounding country, and once every year form a 
kind of religious Encampment. The engraving is from an orig- 
inal drawing from Howe's Hist. Coll. Virginia, and represents 
one of these encampments. The rude structure seen in the cen- 
tral part, is for public rehgious services. It is surrounded on 
three sides by rows of log cabins, built for the convenience of the 
people who assemble here to worship God, in the depth of a wild 
forest. 

In the lone forest, solemn, dark and wild. 

Where men from worldly turmoil meet : 
Oh sacred spot ! where God is worshipped. 

In love and unity complete ! 

No towering turrets meet the wondering eye ; 
No massive structure high and wide ; 



105 

No columns high, nor gaudy frescoed walls, 
Speaking of wealth, of power, of pridse. 

Oh no ! nought but a simple,, lowly shed, 

A cover from the sun-lit heat ; 
No doors to close 'gainst him with " raiment vile," 

Nor is he shown a beggar's seat. 

O blessed place ! where Christians love to meet. 

In this dark wilderness of sin ; 
To talk of Him they love, oh converse sweet ! 

Their heavenly work they thus begin. 

No pompous priest attempts, with flowery words. 

To gain on earth a brilliant name ; 
Who loves the fleece more than the flock itself: 

A stigma on the Christian name. 

No puppet men are wanted here to teach, 

To show forth things they never knew. 
Like tinkling cymbals, and like sounding brass. 

Like changing winds, like morning dew. 

But in the humble stand, the man of God appears. 

With zeal divine, and ardent love ; 
His soul yearns kindly o'er his fellow men, 

And longs to turn their thoughts above. 

They feel the Same ! they raise their notes of praise ; 

The forest echoes with their voice : 
Oh heart-felt joy ! they feel that heaven is near ; 

They in the love of God rejoice. 

Oh for that time ! when holy, heavenly power. 
Shall cleanse this fallen world from sin ; 

When every heart, the power of Christ shall prove, 
And life immortal feel within. 

J. W. B, 



106 




THANKSGIVING. 

The first settlers of New England, having no regular set fasts 
and festivals in their church discipline, appointed days of fasting 
on special occasions, such as times of great mortality, scarcity of 
provisions, and times of public dangers in times of war. Days 
of Thanksgiving were appointed on occasions of great joy, such 
as the termination of Indian and French wars, remarkable deliv- 
erances from dangers, «fec., and especially for abundant crops. 
This ancient practice is still kept up, and has been extended to 
many States of our Union, who now annually appoint a day of 
fasting and humiliation in the spring, and a day of Thanksgiving, 
generally in the last of November, of each year. The " church 
going bell," summons the people to the house of God, where the 
preacher on these occasions, generally recounts the mercies of the 
past and other years. The scattered members of each family 
meet under the paternal roof, and it is of gratitude, hilarity and 
joy. 

The rolling year has well nigh fled ! Crowned 
with the mercy of our God each season passed away ! 
Our garners full ! enough for each, and all. The 



107 



father, grey with years, calls his offspring round ; 
the mother, with willing hand, prepares the dainty 
treat. The festive board groans with the choicest 
food. Brothers and sisters meet, in friendship dear, 
and chastened joy. 

This festal day, the happiest of the year, is hailed 
with joyful welcome. The aged sire, with fond re- 
membrance, and with grateful thanks, tells of the 
scenes of old. The young in years, blooming in 
life's fair morn, now meet in childish glee. The 
merry laugh, the noisy gambols of the joyous 
youth are heard around. 

In times of old, the red man of the forest shade, 
lurked round our Father's dwellings. Thirsting for 
blood, he raised the murderous hatchet, and aimed 
the swift-winged arrow fraught with death. His 
eye spared not the beauteous maiden bathed in tears, 
the whitened locks of age, nor infants smiling at 
their mother's breast. 

Oh give your thanks to God, for he is good and 
kind. The savage lurks around no more ! His 
fearful yells no longer rouse us from our midnight 
slumbers. His bloody hatchet, buried in earth, re- 
mains ; his knife is broken, and his arrow wings its 
deadly flight no more ! 

The men of France, with their dusky allies, 
moved from the north, with hostile steps. Red des- 
olation marks their path 'mid wintry snows : in silent 
watches of the night they burst in upon the sleeping 
villagers. In horror wakened, they fall in blood. 
The flames rise high ! the morning sun looks on the 
smoking ruins round. 

Give thanks ! The mother with her ofl*spring at 
her breast, trembles no more ! The mighty ships 



108 

of France, freighted with death, are scattered by the 
tempest blast, or sunk like lead, beneath the mighty- 
waters ! The foe's strong hold, high on the frowning 
rock, is taken, and on these western shores, he bears 
his sway no more. 

The hostile British hosts, pass o'er our land. 
Their path is marked by fire and blood. With iron 
power they strive to crush a people struggling to be 
tree. With proud contemptuous scorn, they forge 
our chains. They claim the right divine, to guide 
our thoughts, to take our hard-earned bread, and 
lord it o'er our land. 

Give thanks ! that now no despots have the pow- 
er to say, where, when, and how, to worship God. 
Give thanks ! no one can take our children's bread 
to feed and pamper lordly pride. No royal pauper 
here, to feed and clothe, by the hard earnings of the 
laboring poor. We reap on soil we claim our own, 
and toil for those we love. 

Earth's struggling millions crushed to the dust, 
look upward with their longing eyes. The bow of 
Promise glows on dark'ning clouds, that flee before 
the orb of day. Give thanks ! The Despot's pow- 
er, hoary with age, grows weak ; fetters and chains, 
brown with the rust of time, now break away. 
With bosom bare, her eye on heaven, fair Truth 
advances, and the shades of night retire. A voice 
is heard above, that " God's unsufTering kingdom 
soon shall come !" 



109 




[/ Guide.] 

MAINE. 

The morning sun -beams earliest light on thee ; 

Far eastward lies thy cold and rugged shore : 
Thy wealth lies in the forest, and the sea ; 

Thy sons they range the ocean o'er. 

Maine was originally granted by James I. to the 
Plymouth Company, in 1606, by whom it was transfer- 
red to Mason and Gorges in 1624. This territory was 
afterwards purchased by Massachusetts, and became 
connected with that State in all its political relations, 
till it became an independent State in 1820. 

While belonging to Massachusetts it was called the 
" Province," or " District of Maine." It received its 
name as early as 1633, in compliment to Henrietta 
Maria of France, wife of Charles I. king of England, who 
was a possessor of Maine, a district, or department in 
France. 

The celebrated Capt. John Smith, so well known in 
the annals of Virginia, made an unsuccessful attempt to 
settle this part of the country as early as 1614. The 
first permanent lodgment of the whites M^thin the State, 
was made at York, by the Plymouth Colony, in 1630. 
The first settlers were men of energy and perseverance. 
10 



110 



By them, and their sons, the stately forest trees are con- 
verted into an article of commerce, and their fisheries 
have created a hardy race of seamen. 

Maine, at the period of its first settlement, was greatly 
harrassed by the hostile Indians. In 1692, York and 
Wells were attacked by the French and Indians. From 
this time till about 1702, was one continued scene of 
bloodshed, burning and destroying. The inhabitants 
suffered much for several years before and after the year 
1724. As late as 1744, and 1748, persons were cap- 
tured and killed by the Indians. 

During these wars, the Indians in the French interest, 
we.re encouraged by the Catholic missionaries from Can- 
ada, to make aggressions upon the English, whom they 
considered as intruders upon the country. One of these 
was Father Sebastian Ralle, a French Jesuit, a man 
of learning and address, much endeared to the Indians 
by his religious labors among them for a space of thirty- 
seven years. He resided at Norridgewock, with a tribe 
of that name, who had a church at this place. He was 
killed in an expedition of the English against the Indians 
in this place, in 1724. After the English had retired, 
the Indians found the mangled body of their beloved 
pastor near the cross erected in the village. A monu- 
ment was erected to his memory in 1833, by Bishop 
Fenwick, of Boston. 

Maine comprises about one-half of the area of New- 
England. Its northern boundary extends some distance 
northward of Quebec. It was through the vast wilder- 
ness in the north-western section of this State, that Gen. 
Arnold, with 1,100 men, made his celebrated expedition 
agamst Quebec in 1775. By a partial construction of 
the treaty of 1783, nearly a third part of Maine was 
claimed by Great Britain. In 1842, a treaty was estab- 
lished, by which the British claims were much restricted. 



Ill 




NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

Old " Granite State," thy snowy mountains stand, 
And make of thee a Western Switzerland : 
Thy sons are hardy, brave ; firm for the right ; 
Thy Sun is clear, and shines both fair and bright. 

The early history of New Hampshire is closely con- 
nected with that of Massachusetts. John Mason, Fer- 
dinand Gorges, and others, having obtained of the Ply- 
mouth Company several grants of land north of Massa- 
chusetts, in 1623, sent from England a few persons to 
begin a settlement. A part landed at Little Harbor, on 
the west side of Piscataqua river, and built the first house, 
which was called "Mason's Hall." The remainder 
proceeded up the river and began the settlement of Do- 
ver. 

The first settlers followed fishing and commerce, as 
their trading business, and their settlements increased 
but slowly. The first towns, for a period, remained dis- 
tinct and independent communities. In 1641, these little 
republics, distrusting their abilities to protect themselves, 
formed a coalition with Massachusetts, and long remained 
a part of that Colony. 

In 1679, a decree was passed, that New Hampshire 
should be a separate Province, to be ruled by a President 



112 

and Council, who were to be appointed by the king. 
The first assembly, consisting of eleven members, met 
at Portsmouth, in 1680. The peace of the colony was 
long disturbed by the heirs of Mason, who claimed the 
soil as their property. 

New Hampshire suffered much from the Indian wars. 
Dover was surprised in 1689. Maj. Waldron, and 
twenty-three others, were murdered. From this period 
to the close of the French wars, the inhabitants were 
often harrassed by the incursions of the savages. Many 
were killed, and others carried into captivity. 

In 1719, one hundred families, mostly Presbyterians 
from the north of Ireland, settled the town of London- 
derry. They introduced the foot spinning-wheel, the 
manufacture of linen, and the culture of potatoes. In 
1740, a long and tedious controversy between Massa- 
chusetts and New Hampshire, respecting their divisional 
line, was decided in England, by the Lords in council. 
New Hampshire declared her independence of Massa- 
chusetts in June, 1776, and the same year formed a tem- 
porary government. Its present Constitution was adop- 
ted in 1792. 

New Hampshire is frequently called the Granite State, 
from the vast quantities of that rock found within its ter- 
ritory. The granite is of a superior quality, and much 
of it is quarried and transported to other States. The 
State is also called the Switzerland of America, on ac- 
count of the salubrity of its climate ; its wild and pictu- 
resque landscapes, and particularly its celebrated White 
Mountains, the highest elevation in New England, and 
covered with snow for ten months in the year. The 
scenery, as viewed from Mount Washington, one of the 
highest of these elevations, is sublime and beautiful. 



113 




VERMONT. 

" Green Mountain State," thy nardy sons are free, 
For " Freedom, Independence," honor bright : 

Changeless as Etergreen, thy fame shall be — 
Strong to defend ; firm to sustain the right. 

Vermont derives its name from the Green Mountains, 
M hich extend through it. Its territory was first explored 
by the French, from Canada. The name is derived from 
the Green Mountains : verd, in the French language, 
signifies green^ and mont, mountain. They are so called 
on account of the numerous evergreens with which they 
are covered. 

The first settlement in this State was commenced at 
Fort Dumraer, in the south-eastern part, in 1724. On 
the other side of the State, a fort was built, at Crown 
Point, in 1731. This part of the country became the 
seat of war, and was constantly exposed to the incursions 
of the French and Indians, which of course prevented its 
early settlement. 

After the reduction of Canada, Vermont was rapidly 

settled, by emigrants principally from Connecticut, who, 

following the course of the river, located themselves on 

its banks in the limits of Vermont and New Hampshire, 

iO* 



114 



So rapid was the progress, that during the year 1761, not 
less than sixty townships, of six miles square, were 
granted on the west of Connecticut River. 

When Gen. Burgoyne lay at Fort Edward, in 1777, 
he learnt that a quantity of stores had been collected at 
Bennington by the Americans. To destroy these, as 
well as to intimidate the patriots and animate the royal- 
ists, he sent forward Col. Baum, with 500 men and 100 
Indians. Col. Breyman was sent to reinforce him, but 
did not arrive in time. On the 16th of August, Gen. 
Stark, of New Hampshire, with about 800 militia men, 
most of whom were denominated " Green Mountain 
Boys," attacked Baum in his entrenched camp, and kill- 
ed or took prisoners nearly the whole of his men. At 
the close of the action, Col. Breyman arrived; he con- 
tinued the contest till sunset, and under cover of night 
was able to effect his retreat. 

New York and New Hampshire both laid claim to 
Vermont till 1764, when New- York obtained a grant 
from the British Parliament, which put an end to the 
claims of New Hampshire. New York now attempted* 
to enforce her jurisdiction, but this was resisted by the 
inhabitants. They claimed to be independent both of 
New York and New Hampshire, and organized them- 
selves in armed bands, having Colonels Ethan Allen and 
Seth Warner, both brave and resolute men, as their 
leaders. 

This controversy continued till the breaking out of the 
Revolutionary war, when the attention of all parties was 
turned to a more important object than that which rela- 
ted to titles of lands. In 1777, the people of Vermont 
declared themselves independent, and organized a gov- 
ernment for themselves. In 1790, all controversy with 
New York was amicably adjusted, and in 1791, Vermont 
was admitted in the Union. Her present Constitution 
was adopted in 1793. 



115 




^ [By the sword he seeks peace under Liberty.] 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Old Massachusetts, where the Pilgrim band 
First found a home, and where their ashes lie ; 

Foremost in Freedo?n's ranks thy children stand. 
On History's page thy fame shall never die. 

The first settlement in Massachusetts, was commenced 
by the Colony at Plymouth, in Dec, 1620. The Colo- 
nists were originally from the north of England, and were 
called Puritans, for their uncommon zeal in endeavoring 
to preserve the purity of Divine worship. Being perse- 
cuted by their enemies, they fled to Holland, and frgm 
thence, after a few years, they sailed for America. Be- 
fore they landed, they formed themselves into " a body 
police," and chose Mr. John Carver their first Governor. 
The whole company who landed, consisted of 101 souls, 
forty-six of which number died before the ensuing spring. 

The territory of Massachusetts, for many years com- 
prised two distinct colonies, "Plymouth Colony," and 
the " Colony of Massachusetts Bay." In 1692, these 
colonies were united under one charter, and received the 
name of Massachusetts, from an Indian tribe so called, 
who lived around the vicinity of Massachusetts Bay. 
The word Massachusetts, signifies, it is said, in the Indi- 
an language. Blue Hills. 



J16 

In 1675, commenced " King Philip's war," the most 
destructive Indian war, ever waged upon the Infant Col- 
onies. It was terminated by the death of Philip, Aug., 
1676. Massachusetts was the greatest sufferer. In the 
French War, her frontiers were ravaged by the French 
and Indians from Canada. In 1704, Deerfield was 
burnt, and in 1708, Haverhill was surprised. In 1692, 
a great excitement took place, on account of the sup- 
posed prevalence of witchcraft in Salem and its vicinity. 
In 1745, by the exertions of Massachusetts, a force was 
raised which captured from the French the strong for- 
tress of Louisburg, on Cape Breton. 

The great drama of the American Revolution, first 
opened in Massachusetts : the first blood was shed at 
Lexington, April 19th, 1775. The battle of Bunker 
Hill took place, June 17th following. On May 17th, 
1776, the British troops evacuated Boston. Massachu- 
setts furnished more men and money, than any of the 
other colonies, in carrying forward the war of the Rev- 
olution. In 1780, the Constitution of the government of 
the Commonwealth of Massachusetts went into operation. 

In 1786, an insurrection took place, generally known 
as " Shays Insurrection.'^ It appears to have arisen 
from a number of causes, the most prominent of which 
were, a decay of trade, scarcity of money, inability of 
individuals to pay their debts, a relaxation of manners 
ever attendant on war, and heavy taxes. The leader of 
the malcontents, was Daniel Shays ; who, collecting a 
force, endeavored to stop the proceedings of the civil 
courts. On Jan. 25th, Shays appeared at Springfield, at 
the head of 1100 men, evidently for the purpose of sqiz- 
ing the Arsenal at that place. Gen. Shepherd, who was 
appointed with a sufficient force to guard this place, 
warned Shays of his danger, should he attempt to ap- 
proach. This was unheeded. Gen. Shepherd then or- 
dered his men to fire. Three of the insurgents were 
killed. The remainder fled, and the rebellion was effec 
tually crushed. 



117 




RHODE ISLAND. 

Though small in size, thy soul is large in thee ; 
All " sorts of consciences" find liberty : 
Williams, thy founder, in thy wilds first trod, 
And gave to all " freedom to worship God." 

Rhode Island is the least, in extent of territory, of 
any State in the Union ; but in proportion to its number 
of inhabitants, its resources are greater. It owes its 
first settlement to Roger Williams^ who was banished 
from Massachusetts on account of his religious senti- 
ments. Mr. Williams commenced his settlement at 
Providence in 1636. The State embraces what were 
once called the " Rhode Island and Providence Planta- 
tions." The island of Rhode Island, from which the 
State derives its name, was so called from its fancied 
resemblance to the ancient Grecian Island of Rhodes, 

The Narragansett Indians, one of the powerful tribes 
in New England, had their seat in Rhode Island. In 
King Philip War, this tribe was totally ruined by the 
destruction of their strong hold in Dec. 19th, 1675. 
Gov. Winslow, with a force of 1000 men from the col- 
onies of Massachusetts, Plymouth and Connecticut, after 
wading through the snow, attacked their fort, and after a 



118 

desperate resistance, it was fired and consumed. In this 
celebrated swa?np fight, about one thousand Indian war- 
riors perished. The finishing VjIow was given to the 
Indian power in New England, by the death of Philip, 
who was killed near Mount Hope, by a friendly Indian, 
August, 1676. 

When the New England colonies formed their mem- 
orable confederacy, Rhode Island applied to be admitted 
a member. Plymouth objected, asserting that her settle- 
ments were within her boundaries. The commissioners 
decided she might enjoy all the advantages of the con- 
federacy, if she would submit to the jurisdiction of Ply- 
mouth. This she declined, preferring independence to 
the benefits of a dependent union. 

In 1644, Mr. Williams obtained a patent for the territory, and 
permission for the inhabitants to institute a government for them- 
selves. In 1663, a new charter w^as granted, which formed the 
basis of government till 1842, when the present government was 
adopted. During the Revolutionary war, Rhode Island rendered 
efficient aid. She gave liberty to a number of hundreds of slaves, 
on condition they would enter the Revolutionary army. About 
300 of them, under the command of Col. Chistopher Greene, de- 
feated the British in their attack on Mud Island, in the Delaware, 
in 1777. 

The original Charter of Rhode Island, confined the right of 
suffrage, or voting, principally to the landholders. When it be- 
came a manufacturing State, this was considered a grievance. In 
January, 1841, the Legislature, upon the petition of the " Suffrage" 
party, consented to have a convention called to form a new State 
Constitution, This, however, did not satisfy the Suffrage party, 
who issued a call for a convention a month previous to that author- 
ized by the State. The different conventions met ; each formed 
a Constitution, which they submitted to the people. The one sub- 
mitted by the Charter party was rejected, while the Suffrage party 
declared theirs adopted and established as the supreme law of the 
State. Both parties chose their State officers, Gov. King at the 
head of the Charter party, and T. W. Dorr at the head of the 
other. After a considerable display of military force by both par- 
ties, most of the officers chosen by the Suflfrage party resigned 
their situations, and this threatening storm passed over without 
bloodshed. Dorr was tried for treason, and condemned to hard 
labor for life, but was liberated in 1844, by the Legislature, after 
he remained in prison for about one ye^r. 



119 




[His who transplanted still sustains.] 

CONNECTICUT. 

" He who transplanted thee, will still sustain ;" 
Thy patriot shoots are spreading far and wide : 

Fair Science, Freedom, follow in thy train ; 
For Liberty thy sons have bled and died. 

At the first period of its history, Connecticut consisted 
of two colonies, that of Connecticut, and that of New 
Haven. Connecticut Colony was first settled by a com- 
pany of emigrants from Massachusetts, who, in 1636, 
psssed through the wilderness, with Messrs. Hooker and 
Stone, their ministers, at their head. New Haven Col- 
ony was settled by Rev. Mr. Davenport, Mr. Eaton and 
others, in 1638. These two Colonies were united under 
one government in 1662, by a Charter from Charles II. 

This Charter conferred unusual privileges. It was 
obtained by Gov. Winthrop, of Connecticut, who arrived 
in England at an auspicious period for the colony, as a 
number of its friends were in high office at court. Mr. 
Winthrop had " an extraordinary ring,^^ which had been 
given his grandfather by King Charles I., which he pre- 
sented to the king. This, it is said, exceedingly pleased 
his majesty, as it had been once the property of a father 
most dear to him. The New Haven Colony was, at the 



120 



first, much dissatisfied with their union with Connecticut, 
as they feared it would mar the order and purity of their 
churches, and have a bad effect on the civil administra- 
tion. In New Haven Colony, no person could vote at 
the freemen's meetings, unless he was a member of the 
church ; but in Connecticut, all orderly persons, possess- 
ing a freehold to a certain amount, could have this priv- 
ilege. 

This Charter was suspended in 1686. Sir Edmund 
Andross, called the " Tyrant of New England,^^ endeav- 
ored to take it away, but it was secreted in a large hol- 
low oak, still standing in Hartford, known by the name 
of " Charter Oak.^' While the other colonies were suf- 
fering under the domination of Royal Governors, Connec- 
ticut remained a free and independent community, being 
ever governed by rulers of her own chcice. 

At the time of the first settlement of Connecticut, the Colony be- 
came involved in war with the Pequots ; one of the most terrible 
and warlike tribes in New England. By a most daring attack, led 
on by Capt. Mason, these Indians were utterly defeated and ruined. 
In the Revolutionary war, Connecticut was one of the foremost in 
the struggle, and was lavish of her blood and treasure in the cause. 
Fairfield, Norwalk, and New London, were laid in ashes, and 
Hale, Ledyard, Wooster and others, sacrificed their lives for Amer- 
ican freedom. 

Connecticut, by her Charter limits, extended from Narraganset 
river on ihe east, to the South Sea on the west. In 1774, a settle- 
ment at Wyoming in Pennsylvania, was formed into a town called 
Westmoreland, which sent representations to the Assembly of 
Connecticut. After the Revolution, it was decided that Connec- 
ticut must relinquish her claims to any territory lying within the 
limits of Pennsylvania. She however claimed the lands west, 
within the range of her northern and southern boundaries. In 
1786, Connecticut ceded to Congress all her claims to western 
territory, except a tract 120 miles in length, now in the limits of 
Ohio, still called the Connecticut, or Western Reserve. The pro- 
ceeds from the sale of these lands constitutes the School Fund of 
Connecticut. Though now small in extent and population, is sec- 
ond to none of her sister states, in the virtue, genius and enterprise 
of her sons. She has furnished many distinguished men, and some 
of the most powerful states in this Union, are largely indebted to 
her, for the elements of their greatness and prosperity. 



Ul 




[More Elevated.] 

NEW YORK. 

" Excelsior," " higher still " thy course shall be. 
The motto on thy shield foretells thy fame ; 

In commerce, wealth, and heaven born Liberty, 
" The Empire State " thyself, thou dost proclaim. 

The first settlement of New York was made by the 
Dutch in 1614, on the present sites of the cities of New 
York and Albany. New York was then named New 
Amsterdam, and Albany Fort Orange, The Dutch, in 
1629, established a colonial government for this part of 
the country, calling it New Netherlands. In 1664, 
Charles II. granted to his brother, the Duke of York, 
afterwards James II., a patent of a tract of country com- 
prising the present states of New York and New Jersey. 
The same year it was taken from the Dutch and named 
" New York." In 1673, the territory was re-taken by 
the Dutch, but soon restored to the English by treaty. 

During the French and Indian and Revolutionary 
wars, the territory of New York became the theatre of 
many important military trensactions. In 1690, the 
French and Indians from Canada, in the depth of winter 
burnt Schenectady and massacred the inhabitants. The 
battles of Lake George and Ticonderoga, the capitula- 
lation of Fort William Henry, the operations at Os- 
11 



122 

wego, Niagara, and other posts on the frontiers, are no- 
ted events in American history. The celebrated confed- 
eracy of the " Six Nations," consisting at first of^ye, then 
of six Indian tribes, was located within the limits of New 
York.* 

In the Revolutionary period, the Americans were 
forced to abandon the city of New York, which was ta- 
ken possession of by the British troops, in Sept., 1776, 
and occupied by them till the " evacuation," Nov. 25th, 
1783, when Gen. Washington marched in with the 
American troops. The battles on Long Island, at White 
Plains, capture of Fort Washington, treason of Arnold, 
storming of Stony Point, and the surrender of Burgoyne, 
all within the limits of the State, are prominent events 
in the Revolution. 

The first constitution of state government was adopt- 
ed in 1777, the second in 1822, the present one in 1846. 
New York was the seat of the Federal Government du- 
ring the first year of its existence. During the last war 
with Great Britain, her territory again became the the- 
atre of important military operations. She has pursued 
a wise policy'in sustaining objects of public utility, and 
now ranks as the " Empire State" being the first in 
wealth, resources, commerce and population. 

* The Iroquois, or the confederated tribe called the Five Na- 
tions, were in possession of most of the territory within the limits 
of New York, at the time of its first settlement by the Dutch. The 
confederacy consisted originally of five nations, the Mohawks, (the 
leading tribe,) the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the 
Senecas. In 1712, they were joined by the Tuscaroras, a tribe 
<lriven by the Carolinians from the frontiers of Virginia. After 
this, the confederacy of the Iroquois was called the " Six Na- 
tions." At the time of the first European settlements, they were 
estimated in number, from twenty to twenty-five thousand. At 
the time of the Revolutionary war, all these tribes, with the excep- 
tion of the Oneidas, took up the hatchet against the Americans. 
Their principal leader was Col. Joseph Brandt, a chief of th*e Mo- 
hawk tribe, who was educated under the care of Dr. Wheelock, 
first President of Dartmouth College. He held a commission un- 
der the British government, and died in Canada in 1807. 



123 




NEW JERSEY. 

Thine are the battle-fields for Freedom won ; 

Thine is the soil that patriot blood hath stained ; 
The Storm of War that swept o'er thee has gone. 

And left thy noble sons the victory gained. 

It is believed that the first settlement in the limits c f 
New Jersey, was commenced at Bergen, about the year 
1628, by a number of Danes, or Norwegians, who ac- 
companied the Dutch colonists who came over to New 
Netherlands. In 1623, the Dutch West India Company 
dispatched Capt. Mey, with a company of settlers, to the 
Delaware. Mey entered Delawai-e Bay, and gave his 
name to its northern cape, [Cape May,] and built a forti- 
fication a few miles below Camden, calling it Fort 
Nassau. In 1637, a colony of Swedes purchased lands 
on both sides of the Delaware, and began settlements. 
The first English settlement in New Jersey, appears to 
have been made at Salem, in 1641, by persons from 
New Haven, Conn. 

In 1664, the Duke of York made a grant of New- 
Jersey to Lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret. It 
was granted to these proprietors for ten shillings, and an 
annual rent of " one pepper corn," to " be paid on the 
day of the nativity of St. John the Baptist, if legally 
demanded." These two proprietors formed a constitu- 



124 

tion, gave liberty of conscience, and appointed Carteret 
Governor. It is said that the territory was named New 
Jersey in compliment to Carteret, who defended the 
Island of Jersey against the Long Parliament during the 
civil wars. 

The Province was divided into two parts. East and West Jer- 
sey. In 1677, Lord Berkley, who owned West Jersey, becoming 
dissatisfied, sold his right or interest to John Fenwick and Edward 
Byllings, of the Society of Friends, or Quakers. Many persons 
of this religious faith emigrated to this part of New Jersey soon 
afterwards. In 1702, the proprietors surrendered their right of 
government to the English Crown, and Queen Anne established a 
royal government, which continued till the Revolution. 

New Jersey was the seat of war during the bloody struggle be- 
tween Great Britain and the Colonies. Some of the most impor- 
tant battles were fought within her limits. Her proportionate 
losses in men and property, was greater than any of her sister 
States, and her sufferings in the cause of American freedom entitle 
her to the gratitude of her sister States. 

New Jersey was originally settled by the Lenni Lenape, or 
DeZaioare Indians, as they are usually called. In 1832, a grant 
of $2000 was obtained from the Legislature of New Jersey, by 
B. S. Calvin, an aged Indian representing the Delaware tribe, for 
some claims they had against the State. Their claim was nobly 
advocated by Mr. Southard, and at the close of his speech he re- 
marked : " That it was a proud fact in the history of New Jersey, 
that every foot of her soil had been obtained from the Indians by 
fair and voluntary purchase ; a fact that no other State in the 
Union can boast of." The sum that Calvin received was not 
large, but it was all he asked for, and considering the nature of 
the claim, it must be regarded as an act of beneficence as much 
as of justice. The councils of Barclay and of Penn, (the former 
a Governor, and the latter a proprietor of the colony,) seemed to 
have influenced their successors, and it is with feelings of honest 
pride that a Jerseyman may advert to the fact, that the soil of his 
State is unstained by a battle with the Indians, and that every 
acre has been fairly purchased. 



125 




PENNSYLVANIA. 

Land of immortal Penn, of Love and Peace, 
Amid thy sister Statea thy fame is bright. 

And still with coming centuries, shall increase. 
While firm and true thy sons maintain the Right. 

The Dutch appear to have been the first who endeav- 
ored to explore, and colonize the coimtry, lying on both 
sides of Delaware Bay and River. In 1631, the Swedes 
laid out the present town of Newcastle on the Delaware, 
and at the same time, it is believed they constructed a 
number of small forts, or block houses, within the present 
limits of Pennsylvania. One of the forts was on Ten- 
cum Island, in Delaware river. This they called New 
GoUemhurg, and Printz, the Sweedish governor, had a 
plantation on ihe island. 

In 1655, Gov. Stujwesant, the Dutch Governor at 
New Amsterdam, [New York,] sent a force of 700 men 
against the Swedes on the Delaware, who, being unpre. 
pared for resistance, surrendered. The English con- 
quest was in 1664. 

In 1681, King Charles II. granted Pennsylvania to 
William Penn, in consideration of services rendered the 
crown by Admiral Penn, his father. The name com- 
pounded of Penn, and sylva, a grove of wood, was given 
by the king, and signifies literally Pernios Woods, 
11* 



126 

In 1682, "William Penn, with his colony of Friends or 
Quakers, landed on the shores of the Delaware, purchased 
the land of the natives, and laid the foundation of Phila- 
delphia, his capital. The colony was governed by depu- 
ties, appointed by the Proprietors, till the commencement 
of the Revolutionary war. Penn died in 1718, leaving 
his interests in Pennsylvania, as an inheritance to his 
children. Their claim was eventually purchased by the 
Commonwealth, for £130,000 sterling. 

In 1767, Mason's and Dixon's line was drawn to mark 
the boundary between this state and Maryland ; and in 
1784, the north-western portion of this State, not being 
included in the former purchase, was bought of the Indi- 
ans. The first constitution was adopted in 1776, the 
second in 1790, and the present one in 1838. 

During the Revolutionary war, Philadelphia was the 
seat of the General Government, and it continued here 
till it was removed to Washington, in 1800. The old 
State House in which Congress sat when Independence 
was declared, is still remaining. The original bill, cast 
many years before the Revolution, still hangs in the 
town, having a remarkable inscription, " Proclaim liberty 
throughout the land, to all the inhabitants thereof.'^ Lev. 
XXV, 10. After the battle of Brandy wine, Sept. 11th, 
1777, the British took possession of Philadelphia, which 
they retained till the following June. In July, 1778, the 
settlements of Wyoming, were visited by a band of tories, 
and Indians. A large portion of the men in the settle- 
ments were killed in battle ; others massacred ; the settlements were 
laid waste, and the women and children fled through the wilder- 
ness for safety. In 1794, occurred the " Whiskey Insurrection.'* 
This took place in the four western counties of Pennsylvania, 
on account of duties laid by Congress on spirits distilled in the 
United States, and upon Stills. This law bore hard upon the 
western counties, as whiskey at that period was almost their only 
article of export. An armed body of insurgents having committed 
some outrages, President Washington ordered Gov. Lee, of Mary- 
land, with a body of 1500 men, to the scene of disturbances. On 
the approach of this force, the insurgents laid down their arms, and 
promised obedience to the laws. 



127 




DELAWARE. 

Smallest in number of the old thirteen. 

Thy soul is large for truth and freedom famed : 
, The Swedes and Fins first sought thy vallies green. 

Thy southern cape, Point Paradise they named. 

Delaware is the smallest in population, and, except 
Rhode Island, the least in extent of any State in the Un- 
ion. It was first settled by a company of Swedes and 
Fins, under the patronacre of King Gustavus Adolphus. 
This company came over in 1627, and landing at Cape 
Henlopen, were so much charmed with its appearance, 
that they named it Paradise Point. It was however af- 
terwards called Cape Henlopen, from a Dutch navigator 
of that name. The Swedes purchased lands on both 
sides of the Delaware from the Indians. They called 
the country New Sweden, and the river New Swedeland 
Stream. They seated themselves at the mouth of Chris- 
tian Creek, near Wilmington. The name o? Delaware 
was derived from Sir Thomas West, Lord Delaware, Gov- 
ernor of Virginia, who died on his voyage near the mouth 
of the bay. 

The Swedes being molested by the Dutch, built forts 
at Christiana, Chester and Tinicum. This latter place, 
now in the limits of Pennsylvania, was their seat of gov- 



128 



ernment, and their Governer Printz, erected a strong fort 
of hemlock logs, and a splendid mansion for himself, called 
"Printz Hall." In 1651, the Dutch built a fort at New. 
Castle. Printz considering this to be within the Swe- 
dish territories, protested against it, and Risingh his suc- 
cessor, took the fort by stratagem, when enjoying the 
Dutch hospitality. 

Stuyvesant, the Dutch Governor of New York, in 1664, 
sailed to the Delaware, reduced all the Swedish settle- 
ments, and all the inhabitants w^ho would not take the 
oath of allegiance to Holland, were sent to Europe. The 
wife of Pappegoia and daughter of Gov. Printz, who, not- 
withstanding all the advantages of living in her father's 
mansion, was so poor from the want of laborers, that the 
Dutch government granted her a small aid, which was 
for some time an ox and some hogs both fatted, and grain 
for bread yearly. 

After the conquest of the Dutch by the English, Wil- 
liam Penn, in 1682, purchased of the Duke of York, the 
town of New Castle, and twelve miles around it; and by 
another purchased the land from New Castle to Cape 
Henlopen. These tracts, which constitute the present 
State of Delaware, were called the " Territories," and 
were for twenty years, governed as a part of Pennsylva- 
nia. Its first constitution was adopted in 1776, its pres- 
ent one in 1831. In the Revolutionary war, the Dela- 
ware Regiment was considered the most efficient in the 
Continental army. 



129 




MARY Li AND. 

Justice, with scales and sword, is type of thee, 
And firm for Freedom mayst thou ever stand ; 

Thy founder, Baltimore, sent o'er the sea. 
And freedom kindly gave in Maryland. 

In 1632, George Calvert, a distinguished Catholic, 
(usually called Lord Baltimore,) applied to Charles I. for 
a territory for the purpose of establishing a colony. He 
was of Flemish descent, but born in England, and was 
created Baron of Baltimore, in Ireland, in 1625. Be- 
fore the grant had passed the royal seal, he died, and the 
territory was granted to Cecil Calvert, his oldest son, 
about two months aftewards. The country was named 
Maryland, in honor of Henrietta Maria, the queen con- 
sort of Charles I. 

In 1634, Leonard Calvert, first Governor of Maryland, 
and brother of Cecil, the proprietor, with about 200 
Catholic emigrants, arrived at Point Comfort in Virginia. 
He then proceeded up Chesapeake Bay, entered the Po- 
tomac, which he sailed up twelve leagues, and came to 
an anchor under an island, which he named St. Cle- 
ment's. Here he fired his cannon, erected a cross, and 
took possession " in the name of the Savior of the world, 
and the Kino; of England." 



130 

Having peaceably purchased the land of the Indians, 
Gov. Calvert located himself at St. Mary's. By grant 
ing free toleration, and giving equal protection to all re- 
ligious denominations, Maryland became a prosperous 
colony, and an asylum for those who were persecuted for 
religious opinions in the other colonies. 

The first assembly was composed of the freemen in 
. the colony. In 1639, there was a change — the House 
of Assembly was made up of representatives chosen by 
the people. In 1650, there was another change, by 
which the Legislature was divided into two houses — the 
proprietors choosing one body, the people the other. 
During the civil wars in England, the name of papist 
became so obnoxious, that the Parliament assumed the 
government of the province, and appointed a new Gov- 
ernor. 

Many changes took place in the government till the Revolution- 
ary war, when the authority fell into the hands of the people. In 
177G, they adopted the Constitution, which has been frequently 
amended. During the Revolutionary struggle, Maryland bore her 
full share of the sufferings, dangers, and privations of the contest. 

In the second war with Great Britain, after the enemy had made 
a successful attempt against Washington, they were emboldened 
to undertake an expedition against Baltimore. On the 12th of 
Sept., 1814, Gen. Ross, with 5000 men, landed at North Point, 
about fourteen miles from the city. The militia were called into 
the field ; the aged and the rich voluntarily entered the ranks ; and 
Gen. Striker, with 3000 men, was ordered to retard the advance of 
the enemy. The advanced parties met about eight miles from the 
city. In the skirmish which ensued. Gen. Ross was killed. The 
enemy, however, continued to advance, and the Americans fell 
back to their entrenchment, about two miles from the city. After 
the enemy had landed at North Point, the British fleet sailed up 
the Petapsco, and bombarded Fort McHenry and Fort Covington. 
These were bravely defended, the fleet was repulsed, and the com- 
mander of the troops finding the naval force could render no as- 
sistance, retreated to North Point, and re-embarked his forces. 
The loss of the Americans, in killed and wounded, amounted to 
one hundred and sixty-three, among whom were some of the most 
respectable citizens of Baltimore. 



131 




[ Thus always with tyrants,] 

VIRGINIA. 

" Mother of States and Statesmen," still thy fame, 
Rich with the glowing history of the past, 

Shall find amid thy country's lists a name. 
And romid thy sons a fadeless halo cast. 

Virginia is distinguished as the largest, and the ear- 
liest settled of the original thirteen States. It was named 
Virginia, by Sir Walter Raleigh, in honor of Elizabeth, 
the virgin Queen of England. It is often called the 
" Old Dominion.''^ This name appears to have been giv- 
en for her loyalty to Charles II., during the civil wars in 
England. Chesapeake^ the name of the bay forming the 
eastern boundary, is an Indian word, signifying " Mother 
of Waters:' 

The " London Company," having received a grant of 
Virginia, fitted out three ships with one hundred and five 
men, to begin a settlement. They landed at Jamestown, 
May 13th, 1607, and began the first permanent English 
settlement in North America. Among these adventu- 
rers, were but four carpenters, and twelve lahorers, to 
fifty four gentlemen. The colonists suffered much for 
want of provisions, and in four months from the time of 
their landing, fifty of the company had perished. By the 



132 

exertions and address of Capt John Smith, they were 
probably saved from destruction. 

In 1608, Capt. Newport brought over 120 persons to 
join the colony, with supplies of provisions. In 1609, 
live hundred men, women, and children were sent over, 
who finding the colony so much reduced by sickness and 
want, they resolved to abandon the country, and actually 
sailed for England. But the next day, meeting Lord Del- 
aware, with fresh supplies, they all returned and prose- 
cuted the planting of the country. 

In 1619, the first legislative body in this country met 
at Jamestown. As many had become dissatisfied, and 
contemplated returning to England, the London Com- 
,pany, in 1620, sent over more than ninety young women, 
to be disposed of as wives to the young planters. At 
first, the price was 100 lbs. of tobacco each, but the de- 
mand was so great, that it was increased to 160 lbs. 
In 1620, a Dutch ship from the coast of Guinea, entered 
James River, and sold twenty slaves to the colonists, be- 
ing the first introduced into the country.* 

In 1624, King James dissolved the London company, assumed 
the government, and appointed a Governor. For a long period, 
Virginia experienced much trouble and difficulties with their vari- 
ous governors. The State adopted its first Constitution in 1776, 
and its present one in 1830. Virginia is distinguished for being the 
birth-place of many illustrious men, and was one of the leading 
States that distinguished themselves in the Revolutionary war. 
In 1781, the surrender of Lord Cornwallis, at Yorktown, in this 
State, decided the Revolutionary contest. While the name of 
Washington appears on the page of American history, Virginia 
will be honored and revered among her sister States. 

* Virginia, having an extensive territory and many slaves, has 
ever been sensitive in regard to this class of her population. About 
the year 1800, a well organized insurrection of slaves in the imme- 
diate vicinity of Richmond, was mercifully prevented by the timely 
discovery of a young slave, and the sudden rise in the river render- 
ing it impassible. In 1831, Nat Turner, a fanatical slave in South- 
ampton county, moved, as he said, by certain appearances in the 
sun, in Augut^t, collected a body of 60 or 70 slaves, and commenced 
the work of indiscriminate massacre. Fifiy-five men, women and 
children, were murdered before the Insurrtciiou could be suppressed. 



133 




NORTH CAROLINA. 



The old " North State," for Freedom's holy laws. 

For Liberty thy noble sons declared ; 
First to defend thy Country's injured cause, 

The glorious boon of Independence shared. 

In 1630, Charles I. granted to Sir Robert Heath, a 
territory south of "Virginia, extending from the Atlantic 
Ocean, to the South Sea, by the name of Carolina. 
Between 1640 and 1650, persons suffering from religious 
persecution in Virginia, fled beyond her limits, and with- 
out license from any source, occupied that portion of 
North Carolina, north of Albemarle Sound. Their num- 
ber annually augmented, and were enabled by the fertil- 
ity of the soil, with little labor, to live in abundance. 
" They acknowledged no superior on earth, and obeyed 
no laws, but those of God and nature." 

As Sir Robert Heath had not complied with the con- 
ditions of his patent, the king, in 1633, granted the same 
territory to Lord Clarendon and seven others, and gave 
them the powers of government. To encourage emigra- 
tion, religious liberty was granted. At the request of 
the proprietors, a constitution of government was pre- 
pared by the celebrated John Locke. This instrument 
provided that the Governor or Palatine, should hold his 
12 



134 

office during life, and that the office should be hereditary. 
It also provided, that a hereditary nobility should ])e cre- 
ated, to be called land-graves and caziques, and that, 
once in two years, representatives should be chosen })y 
the free-holders. All these, with the proprietors or their 
deputies, were to meet in one assembly, which was to be 
called the Parliament, and over which the Palatine was 
to preside. This Constitution caused great disorder in 
the colony, and it was abolished in 1693. In 1729, the 
Crown purchased from the proprietors, the Carolinas, 
for c£ 17,500 sterling, and established two separate Gov- 
ernments, called North and South Carolina. 



In 1707, a Company of French Protestants, arrived and seated 
themselves on the river Trent. In 1710, they were joined by a 
large number of Palatines, who fled from Germany on account of 
religious persecution. In 1712, the Tuscarora, and other Indians, 
fonned a plot to murder all these settlers. In one night, twelve 
hundred of these savages, in separate parties, broke in upon their 
settlementfj, and murdered men, women, and children. Gov. Cra- 
ven, of South Carolina, dispatched nearly a thousand men, under 
Col. Barnwell, who followed the savages into a hideous wilderness, 
defeated them, and compelled them to sue for peace. The Tusca- 
roras soon after went to the north, and joined the Five nations ; 
this making the sixth tribe of that confederacy. 

About the year 1730, the soil in the interior of North Carolina, 
was found to be more fertile than that on the coast. Many emi- 
grants from the northern colonies, particularly from Pennsylvania, 
now settled in this section. In May, 1775, the " Committee of 
Safety '' met in Mecklenburg County, and by a series of resolutions, 
declared themselves "free and independent" of the British Crown, 
In 1796, the State adopted its Constitution, which with some mod- 
ifications continues to the present time. 



135 




SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Palmetto like, she towers above the rest, 

While with her sister States she takes her stand ; 
With chivalry inspired, with fearless breast, 
P^irm in their rights, her sons together stand. 

The first settlement of this State was made by Gov. 
Sayle, at Port Royal, in 1670. The next year he found- 
ed old Charleston, on the banks of the Ashley river. In 
1684, all the freemen meeting at this place elected rep- 
resentatives to sit in Colonial Parliament, according to 
the Constitution prepared by Mr. Locke. The situation 
of Charleston being found inconvenient, the inhabitants, 
in 1680, removed to the site of the present city of 
Charleston. The first Constitution of State government 
was formed in 1775; the present one in 1790. 

Several circumstances, at this period, tended to pro- 
mote the gro\Alh of the colony. The Piuitans, from 
England, came over, to avoid the licentiousness which 
disgraced the Court of Charles II. ; the Cavaliers also 
came to restore their fortunes, exhausted by the civil 
wars. The conquest of New York induced many of 
the Dutch to resort to it. The arbitrary measures of the 
French King drove many of his Protestant subjects into 
exile, some of whom came to Carolina. Many of these 
exiles were rich, industrious, and of exemplary lives. 



136 

!\Iany o{ the prominent settlers being Episcopalians, 
they procured the passage of a law establishing the 
Ej^lscopal religion, and excluded dissenters trom the 
Assembly. This illiberal proceeding made much trou- 
ble in the colony, till it was made void by Queen Anne. 
In 1702, Gov. Moore, of Carolina, made an unsuccess- 
ful expedition against St. Augustine, then a Spanish 
settlement. In 1706, the Spaniards from Florida, inva- 
ded Carolina ; bnt Gov. Johnson was so well prepared 
for them at Charleston, that they retired without doing 
much injury. 

In 1715, a distressing Indian war broke out. All the 
tribes from Florida to Cape Fear, engaged in a conspir- 
acy to extirpate the whites. Having massacred many of 
the inhabitants. Gov. Craven, at the head of 1200 jnen, 
marched against the savages, and defeated them at their 
camp at Saltcatchers. In 1738, occurred an alarming 
insurrection among the blacks, but it was speedily put 
down. 

In 1780, the British troops took possession of Charleston. 
South Carolina was the theatre of some of the tiercest struiTijIes of 
the Revolution, at the Coicpeiis, King's Mountain, and Eutaio 
Springs. Gen. Francis Marion, one of the ablest and one of the 
most successful partizan otHcers in the Revolution, was born near 
Charleston. At the commencement of the conflict, he was a 
captain in Col. iMoultrie's regiment. He was entrusted with a 
small force employed in harassing the British and Tories, and 
gained a number of important advantages, which procured him, in 
1780, the commission of a brigadier general. He continually sur- 
prised and captured parties of the British, and their friends, by the 
secrecy and rapidity of his movements. In I7S1, he captured a 
number of forts, and forced the Briiish to retire to Charleston. 
He received the thanks of Congress for his intrepid conduct at the 
battle of Eutaw Springs. '' He seldom failed of capturing his 
enemy, and almost always did it by surprise. His courage was 
the boldest, his movements the most rapid, liis discipline severe, 
and Ins humanity most exemplary." 



13' 




GEORGIA. 

Form George, the Sovereign, was derived thy name: 
In the far South thy sunny bowers of green: 

A refuge for God's poor, of old, thy fame ; 
Youngest thou art, of all the old thirteen. 

Georgia was the last settled of the thirteen original 
States. Its territory was included within the limits of 
the Carolina charter, but no settlement was made till 
after that charter was f^jrfeited. In the reign of George 
II., several benevolent persons in England, formed a plan 
of planting a colony in this region. Their principal ob- 
ject was to seek a place for the poor people of Great 
Britain and Ireland ; also a place of refuge for the per- 
secuted Protestants of all nations. 

In 1732, a patent was obtained, conveying to twenty- 
one trustees, the territory now constituting the State of 
Georgia. These trustees having first set an example 
themselves, by largely contributing to the scheme, under- 
took also to solicit benefactions from others, and to apply 
the money towards clothing, arming, purchasing utensils 
for cultivation, and transporting such poor people as 
would consent to go over and begin a settlement. The 
Trustees managed the concerns of the colony. One of 

12* 



138 

their regulations were, that the lands should not be sold 
by the owners, but should descend to their male children 
only. They also forbade the use of rum in the colony, 
and strictly prohibited the importation of slaves. But 
none of these regulations remained long in force. 

In Feb., 1733, James Oglethorpe, with 116 emigrants 
commenced a settlement at Savannah. Many persons 
afterwards arrived, and to each a portion of the wil- 
derness was assigned. But it was soon found, that 
these emigrants, who were the refuse of cities, had 
been rendered poor by idleness, and irresolute by pov- 
erty, were not fitted to fell the forests of Georgia. The 
trustees therefore made liberal offers to all who would 
come over and settle in the colony. In consequence of 
this, more than 400 persons from Germany, Scotland, 
and Switzerland, arrived in the year 1736. The Ger- 
mans settled at Ebenezer, and the Scotch at New Inver- 
ness, now Darien. 

In 1736, the celebrated John Wesley, made a missionary visit to 
Georgia, and two years after, George Whitfield, another celebrated 
Methodist preacher, arrived in the colony for the purpose of estab- 
lishing an Orphan House, where poor children might be fed, clothed, 
and educated in the knowledge of Christianity. War having been 
declared against Spain, Gen. Oglethorpe, at the head of about 2000 
men, partly from Virginia and Carolinas, undertook an expedition 
against Florida. He took two Spanish forts, besieged St. Augus- 
tine, but was obliged to abandon the siege and return. Two years 
afterwards, in 1742, the Spaniards invaded Georgia, and the colony 
was in imminent danger. By an artful stratagem of Gen. Ogle- 
thorpe, in which he made the Spaniards believe a large force was 
coming to his assistance, they fled with such precipitation, that they 
left several cannon, and a quantity of provisions behind them. 

During the Revolutionary war, Georgia was overrun by the 
British troops, and many of the inhabitants were obliged to flee 
into the neighboring States for safety. The sufi'erings and losses of 
her citizens, was as great in proportiou to her numbers and wealth, 
as in her sister States. In Dec, 1778, Savannah was taken by the 
British, and in October following, Count Pulaski, a Polish oflficer 
in the American service, was killed in an unsuccessful assault on 
this place. The first State Constitution was formed in 1777, the 
Bccond in 1785, and the present in 1798, and amended in 1839. 



139 




F liORID A . 

Far to the sunny South, sweet land of flowers, 

De Soto trod thy shores in olden time ; 
The Creek and Seminole have roamed thy bowers, 

Who now have vanished from thy sunny clime. 

Florida was discovered by Sebastian Cabot, sailing 
under the flag and patronage of England, in 1497. In 
1512 and 1516, Ponce de Leon, one of the companions 
of Columbus on his second voyage, explored this part of 
the country. It was called Florida, from the circum- 
stance of its being discovered on Palm Sunday ; or, as 
some say, from the numerous Jhwering shrubs which 
every where gave the country a beautiful aspect. 

In 1539, Ferdinand de Soto, who had been an officer 
under Pizarro, sailed from the island of Cuba, of which 
he was Governor, with about 1000 men, and landed on 
the western shore of Florida. From the Gulf of Mexico, 
he penetrated into the country northward and westward, 
in search of gold. The Spaniards wandered about in 
the wilderness for four years ; De Soto and about half 
his men perished before they got back to the Spanish 
settlements. In 1553, the French attempted to estab- 
lish a colony, which occasioned a contest between them 
and the Spaniards, in which the latter were finally victo- 



140 

rioiis. In 1763, Florida was ceded to Great Britain by 
Spain, in exchange for Havana. The Spaniards recon- 
quered it in 1781. In 1819, the Spaniards ceded it to the 
United States as a compensation for their spoliations on 
the commerce of the United States. In 1822, East and 
West Florida were formed into one territory. In 1845, 
Florida was admitted into the Union as a State. Its 
Constitution was adopted in 1838. 

The Seminole Indians occupied, until lately, the Ever- 
glades, a flat, marshy district, in the central and southern 
part of Florida. As early as 1821, the National Gov- 
ernment were urged to remove the Creeks, who had fled 
into this territory, and incorporated themselves with the 
Seminoles. Difficulties continuing with the Indians, a 
Treaty was made in 1832, at Payne's Landing, in which 
they agreed to remove west of the Mississippi. This 
treaty being considered by many of the Seminoles as 
unfair, they refused to remove. In 1835, Gen. Thomp- 
son having a dispute with Osceola, a favorite chief of 
the Indians, caused him to be arrested, and put him into 
irons for a day. Osceola was exasperated, and deter- 
mined upon revenge. 

On Dec. 28th, 1835, Major Dade, with 117 men, fell into an 
ambuscade of the Indians, and were all killed but three men, one 
or two of whom afterwards died of their wounds. Gen. Thomp- 
son and some of his companions were waylaid the same day, and 
killed, in sight of Fort King, by a party of Indians headed by 
Osceola. After a variety of conflicts, Osceola, in Oct. 1837, with 
about 70 warriors, under the protection of a flag, came into the 
camp of Gen. Jessup, who caused him to be forcibly detained. 
He was taken to St. Augustine, thence to Fort Moultrie, at 
Charleston, where he died, Jan. 1838. This harassing warfare 
was brought to a close by Col. Worth, in 1842, after millions of 
money had been expended, and hundreds of valuable lives sacri- 
ficed. Great numbers of soldiers perished by disease contracted 
by traversing through swamps, morasses, and waters of stagnant 
lakes, in pursuing the Indians from place to place. 



141 




ALABAMA 



Thy snowy wealth o'er all thy fields is spread, 
Makes wings for commerce, on the ocean wide : 

On shivering want, its fleecy gifts are shed. 
That freight the barks, which o'er thy rivers glide. 

Most of the territory of Alabama, was included in the 
original patent of Georgia. In 1802, Georgia ceded all 
her territory west of Chattahoochee river, to the United 
States ; and extending to the Mississippi river, it was 
erected into the Mississippi Territory in 1817. It con- 
tinued a part of the Mississippi Territory until 1819, 
when a State constitution was formed, and in 1820, it 
was admitted into the Union, as an independent State. 
Since the termination of the Creek war in 1814, Ala- 
bama has grown rapidly in population and wealth, by 
her agricultural productions, of which cotton is the prin- 
cipal. 

De Soto, a Spanish officer, appears to have been the 
first European who traversed the soil of Alabama. This 
was in 1540. In 1701, D'Iberville, a distinguished 
French naval officer, erected a fort at Mobile, which, for 
a number of years, appears to have been the principal 
seat of the French power in its southern settlements. In 



142 

1704, Louis XIV., the French king, sent over twenty 
viituous young women, in order, as he stated, "to be 
married to the Canadians, and to the other inhabitants 
of Mobile, in order to consolidate the colony." They 
proved to be an important and valuable addition to the 
colony, though it appears that a kind of insurrection took 
place, in which they threatened to leave the country the 
first opportunity, for being enticed from home, (most of 
them being from Paris,) to live on corn, when they were 
promised "the milk and honey of a land of promise." 

At the period of the second war with Great Britain, Alabama 
was a theatre of Indian warfare, as a great part of the State at that 
time was inhabited by a number of tribes of Indians, of whom the 
Creeks were the principal. These Indians received their name, 
from the fact of the country which they inhabited, having numerous 
creeks or streams of water. In 1812, the Creeks having been 
stirred up to war by Tecumseh, the celebrated Shawnee warrior, 
commenced hostile operatrons. In Aug., they fell on Fort Mimms : 
the garrison made a desperate resistance, but out of three hundred 
men, women, and children, only seventeen survived the massacre. 
The adjoining States were now roused to action. In Nov., Gen. 
Jackson, assisted by Generals Coffee, Floyd, and Claiborne, en- 
tered the Indian country. Gen. Jackson defeated the Indians at 
Talladega, where two hundred and ninety of their warriors were 
left dead upon the field. On Nov. 29, Gen. Floyd attacked the 
Creeks on their sacred ground at Autossee. The Indians fought 
bravely in its defense, but were overcome. Four hundred of their 
houses were burned, and 200 of their bravest warriors killed, among 
whom were the kings of Autossee and Tallahassee. 

The last stand of the Creeks was at Tohopeka, a fortified place 
at the bend of the Tallapoosa, called by the whites the " Horse-shoe' 
bend." The Indians had erected a breast-work, from five to eight 
feet high across the peninsula, where a thonsand of their warriors 
had collected. These fought desperately, but were entirely de- 
feated. Five hundred and fifty of their number were killed on the 
peninsula, and many were drowned or shot in attempting to cross 
the river. The victory ended in the submission of the remaining 
warriors, and in 1814, a treaty of peace was concluded, and the 
Creeks now have removed westward of the Mississippi. 



143 




MISSISSIPPI. 

Father of Waters I like a smiling child, 
Thy namesake State upon thy border lies ; 

Where roamed the Chickasaw and Choctaw wild. 
Amid thy woods, now smiling fields arise. 

In 1716, Bienville, one of the Governors of Louisiana, 
sailed up the Mississippi as far as Natchez, erected and 
garrisoned a fortification which he called " Fort Rosalie.''^ 
This spot had been marked down by Iberville, in 1700, 
as an eligible spot for a town, of which he drew a plan, 
and which he called Rosalie, the maiden name of the 
Countess Pontchartrain, of France. ' 

In 1729, the Natchez nation of Indians, feeling them- 
selves aggrieved by the French, laid a plot for their de- 
struction. On the 28th of Nov., they appeared in great 
numbers about the French houses, telling the inhabitants 
they were going a hunting. They sang after the calumet, 
in honor of the French commander, and his company. 
Each having returned to his post, a signal was given, 
and instantly the massacre began. Two hundred French- 
men were killed. " Of all the people at Natchez, not 
more than twenty French, and five or six negroes es- 
caped. One hundred and fifty children, and eighty wo- 
men, with nearly as many negroes, were made prisoners. 



144 

The French governor of Louisiana, M. Perier, resolved 
on avenging the massacre, sent to the Choctaws, who 
furnished a body of 15 or 1600 warriors, to assist the 
French against the Natchez. The Natchez being be- 
sieged in their fort by the French, had the address during 
the night, to make their escape. Learning afterwards, 
that they had fortified themselves west of the Mississippi, 
the French followed them thither. Here they were be- 
sieged, and compelled to surrender themselves as cap- 
tives. They were taken to New Orleans, where they 
were confined in separate prisons ; and afterwards were 
transported as slaves to St. Domingo. Thus perished 
the Natchez nation, " the most illustrious in Louisiana." 

The Chickasaws were the dread of the French colonists, as they 
had incited the Natchez against them. They occupied a large and 
beautiful tract east of the Mississippi, at the head of the Tombec- 
bee. This they would not allow the French to occupy, but main- 
tained their own independence. In 1736, a force from New Or- 
leans, under Bienville, and another body from the region of the 
Illinois, made an unsuccessful attempt against the Chickasaws. 
Bienville was obliged to throw his artillery into the Tombecbee, 
and retire down the river. The brave young officer, d' Artaguette, 
who commanded the party from the Illinois, was compelled to wit- 
ness the torture and death of his companions, and then dismissed, 
to go and relate to the whites the deeds of the Chickasaws. 

In 1763, the country was ceded to the British. North of the 
31st degree of north latitude, this territory was within the char- 
tered limits of Georgia. In 1795, the Legislature of Georgia, sold 
2:2,000,000 acres of land in this State, called the Yazoo pur chase, to 
four companies, for $500,000, M'ho afterwards sold it at advanced 
prices, to various persons, mostly in the eastern and middle states. 
The next year the legislature declared the sale unconstitutional, 
and ordered the records of it to be burnt, without refunding the 
money. The southern section of the State was within the limits 
of Florida, and was purchased of Spain in 1821. In 1798, this 
State, together with Alabama, were constituted Mississippi Terri- 
tory. In 1817, Mississippi, having formed a constitution of State 
government, was admitted into the Union. 



145 




LOUISIANA. 

Louis of sunny France, bestowed thy name, 

The gay and generous Frenchman roams beneath thy skies, 
And rivalUng old Orleans, in wealth and fame. 

Its namesake on thy soil in beauty lies. 

Louisiana appears to have been first visited by the 
Spaniards under De Soto, who died at the mouth of Red 
River, in May, 1542, at the age of forty-two. This cel- 
ebrated adventurer, finding that the hour of death was 
come, appointed a successor, and with his dying breath, 
exhorted his desponding followers to " union and confi- 
dence,^^ words now emblazoned on the Arms of Louis- 
iana. The Spaniards, to conceal the death of their leader 
from the Indians, put his body into an oak hollowed out 
for the purpose, and sunk it in the river. De Soto, it is 
said, expended 100,000 ducats in this expedition, like the 
fabled Pelican of old, gave his own blood for the nourish- 
ment of his brood of followers. 

In 1682, M. La Salle, a French naval officer, discov- 
ered the three passages by which the Mississippi dis- 
charges its waters into the Gulf. La Salle having pre- 
pared a column with the arms of France affixed, and a 
cross, ascended the river to a dry spot above inundation, 
where, having erected the column, he took possession of 
13 



146 

the country. " In the name of the Most High, mighty, 
iuvincible, and victorious Prince, Louis the Great, by 
the grace of God, King of France and Navarre, fourteenth 
of that name." After the Te Deum was chaunted, a 
sahite of fire-arms, and cries of vive le Roi, La Salle 
said, his Majesty, as eldest son of the Church, would an- 
nex no country to his crown, without making it his chief 
care to establish the Christian religion therein : its sym- 
bol must now be planted ; which was accordingly done 
at once, by erecting a cross, before which, religious ser- 
vices were performed. The country was named Louis- 
iana in honor of the French King. 

La Salle attempted a settlement, but it failed. In 1P99, a more 
successful attempt was made by Iberville, who entered the Missis- 
sippi and founded a colony. His efforts were followed up by Cro- 
zat, a man of wealth, who held the exclusive trade of the country 
for a number of years. About the year 1717, he transferred his in- 
terest to a chartered company, at the head of which was the cele- 
brated John Law, whose national bank and Mississippi speculation, 
involved the ruin of half the French nobility. The stock of this 
company at one time, advanced to upwards of two thousand per 
cent., and the notes of the bank in circulation, exceeded two hun- 
dred millions of dollars. In 1731, the Company resigned the con- 
cern to the crown, who in 1762, ceded the whole of Louisiana to 
Spain. In 1800, Spain re-conveyed the province to the French, 
of whom it was purchased by the United States in 1803, for fifteen 
millions of dollars. This purchase included the territory west of 
the Mississippi. In 1812, the present State of Louisiana formed a 
Constitution and was admitted into the Union. 

On the 8th of January, 1815, a body of about 8000 British troops, 
under Gen. Packingham, made an attempt to obtain possession of 
New Orleans. This place was defended by about 6000 militia 
Jien under Gen. Jackson. The Americans, behind their breast- 
works of cotton bales, and other materials which no balls could pen- 
etrate, poured such a fire on the advancing troops of the enemy, 
that whole ranks were literally swept away. Gen, Packenham, 
and Gen. Gibbs, the second in command, were mortally wounded. 
The enemy retreated with the loss of 2600 men, in killed, wound- 
ed, and captured. The American loss amounted to only six killed 
and seven wounded. 



147 




OHIO. 

Ohio ! " Beauteous River," on thy shore. 

Peace, plenty, with their choicest blessings rest, 

And dotting with her boats thy waters o'er, 
There lies thy city fair, " Queen of the West." 

Ohio receives its name from the river, which forms 
its southern boundary. The word Ohio^ in the Wyandot 
language, signifies fair, or " Beautiful River" which 
was the name given to it by the French, the first Euro- 
peans which explored this part of the country. In Au- 
gust, 1679, La Salle launched upon Lake Erie, the Grif- 
fin, a bark of about 60 tons, with which he proceeded 
through the lakes to the Straits at Mackinaw. In 1750, 
a French post had been fortified at the mouth of the Wa- 
bash, and a communication was established through that 
river and the Maumee, with Canada. The French, at 
this period, had a chain of fortifications back of the Eng- 
lish settlements, and the territory north-west of Ohio, 
was included within the limits of Louisiana. 

About this time, the Ohio Company was formed, and 
for the purpose of checking the progress of the French, 
made attempts to establish trading houses among the In- 
dians. The first English settlement in the Ohio valley, 
appears to have been made on the Great Miami, where 



148 

they erected a trading house in 1749. In 1752, this was 
destroyed by the French, and the traders were carried 
away to Canada. The Moravian missionaries, prior to 
the American Revolution, had a number of stations 
within the limits of Ohio. As early as ] 762, the mission- 
aries, Heckewelder, and Post, were on the Muskingum. 
Mary Heckewelder, the daughter of the Missionary, is 
said to have been the first white child born in Ohio. 

During the Revolutionary war, most of the western Indians 
were more or less united against the Americans, by means of the 
British influence. During the Fr'^nch wars, that nation instigated 
the Indians to fall on the frontier settlements. In 1782, a party of 
Americans, under Col. Williamson, murdered, in cold blood, ninety- 
four of the defenseless Moravian Indians, on the Muskingum. In 
the same year. Col. Crawford, at the head of about 500 men, was 
defeated on the Sandusky by the Indians ; he was taken prisoner, 
and burnt at the stake with horrible tortures. 

After the Revolution, the States who owned, or had a claim on 
western unappropriated lands, with a single exception, ceded them 
to the United States. The State of Connecticut, ceded her claim 
of soil and jurisdiction, to that part of Ohio, since known as the 
" Western Reserve." The first settlement in this part of the State, 
was made at Conneaut, in 1796, by settlers from Connecticut. 
The first regular, permanent, white settlement within the bounds 
of Ohio, was commenced in the spring of 1788, at Marietta, so 
named in honor of Marie Antoniette, Queen of France. At this, 
as well as at other places in this State, are the remains of mounds, 
and other ancient works, evidently erected by a people which once 
inhabited this fertile region, far more advanced in civilization than 
the present race of Indians. 

The Indians continuing hostile, in 1790 Gen. Harmer was sent 
against them with 1300 men. This expedition proved unsuccess- 
ful. In 1791, Gen. St. Clair, with a force of 3000 men, assembled 
at Cincinnati, commenced his march against the Indians on the 
Maumee. He was defeated with the loss of 600 men killed, among 
whom was Gen. Butler. In 1794, another army under Gen. 
Wayne, was sent against the Indians. He encountered the ene- 
my, and after a short and deadly conflict, they were totally de- 
feated, and soon after were compelled to make peace. In 1799, 
Ohio formed a territorial government, and in 1802, formed a State 
constitution, and was admitted into the Union. 



149 




KENTUCKY. 

The hunter Boone, the hardy pioneer. 

Thy flowery wilds among the first explored ; 

And in our country's lists, to freemen dear, 
Thy gallant sons, thy fame spreads far abroad. 

Kentucky was originally within the limits of Vir- 
ginia ; its first actual explorer, of whom we have any 
very definite knowledge, was Col. James Smith, who 
traveled westward in 1766, from Holston river, with 
three men and a mulatto slave. They explored the 
country south of Kentucky, and also Cumberland and 
Tennessee rivers down to the Ohio. The beautiful tract 
of country near the Kentucky river, the finest perhaps of 
the Ohio valley, appears to have been reserved by the 
Indians as a hunting ground ; and consequently, none of 
their settlements were found there. 

In 1767, John Finley, and some others, made a trading 
expedition from North Carolina to this region. Upon 
his return, he communicated his discoveries to Daniel 
Boone, and some others, who agreed, in 1769, to under- 
take a journey to explore it. After a long fatiguing 
march, over a mountainous wilderness, they arrived upon 
its borders ; and from an eminence, discovered the lovely 
valley of Kentucky. Here they encamped, and some 
13* 



150 

went to hunt provisions, which were readily procured, 
there being plenty of game, while Col. Boone and Mr. 
Finley, made a tour of the country. But notwithstanding 
this promising beginning, the company soon found noth- 
ing but hardships and adversities. All the companions 
of Boone were killed by the Indians, and himself taken 
prisoner. He soon made his escape. He remained in 
the wilderness for some time, entirely alone. He re- 
turned to his family in North Carolina, after an ab- 
sence of nearly three years. During nearly the whole 
of this time, he never tasted bread, or salt, nor beheld 
the face of a single white man, excepting his brother, 
and his companions M^ho had been killed. 

In 1771, Boone, with his family, started to make a set- 
tlement in Kentucky, in Powel's valley. Being joined 
by five more families, and forty men, well armed, they 
proceeded onward with confidence, but when near the 
Cumberland Mountains, they were attacked by a large 
party of Indians, and were obliged to retreat to the set- 
tlements on Clinch river. Here they remained till 1774. 
In this year, James Harrod built the first cabin in the 
State, on the spot where Harrodsburg now stands. In 
1775, Boone erected a fort at Boonsborough, brought his 
family and some others, and established a permanent 
settlement. The first settlers were harrassed by the at- 
tacks of the Indians for a long period, till Gen. Clark 
scoured the wilderness, took their posts, .destroyed many 
of their villages, and compelled them to make peace. 

In 1777, Burgesses were chosen to represent the 
county of Kentucky in the Legislature of Virginia. In 
1783, Kentucky was formed into a district. In 1785, a 
Convention was formed for the purpose of procuring an 
entire separation from Virginia. This was effected the 
following year. It continued an independent district, till 
June 1st, 1792, when it was received into the Union as 
an independent State. The first constitution was formed 
in 1790, the present one in 1799. 



151 




TENNESSEE. 

The plough is on thy shield, thy fertile soil. 

Like Eden, 'neath thy children's cultivating hand. 

With richest fruit rewards their patient toil, 
And scatters " plenty o'er a smiliiig hand." 

Tennessee* was originally included in the charter of 
North Carolina, given by Charles II, in 1664 ; but no 
settlement was made beyond the Alleghany Mountains 
till 1757, when a few hardy pioneers established them- 
selves at Fort Loudon, onWatagua river. The French 
having stirred up the Cherokees to hostilities against the 
English settlements. Col. Montgomery was sent with a 
force to subdue them. After destroying a number of 
their towns, he was attacked by the Indians and forced 
to retire without effecting his object. In 1760, the 
Cherokees blockaded Fort Loudon. The garrison, about 
200 in number, having subsisted for some time on horse 
flesh, agreed to capitulate, on condition they should be 
allowed to return to Virginia, or Fort Prince George. 
After marching about fifteen miles from the fort, they 

*This State takes its name from its principal river. The Indians 
are said to have given this name to the river on account of its 
curvature, vi^hich gave to their imaginations the form of an Indian 
spoon, which is the meaning of the name. 



152 

were treacherously fired on by the savages, and those 
who were not massacred were made prisoners. The 
next year, Col. Grant, with about 2,600 men, marched 
into the Cherokee country, gave battle to the Indians, 
burned their dwellings and laid waste their country 
These measures humbled the savages, and compelled 
them to make peace. 

In 1765, settlements were begun on Holston river, 
and during the Revolutionary war the settlers had fre- 
quent contests with the Indians. In 1782, the Legisla- 
ture of North Carolina appointed commissioners to ex- 
plore Davidson County, (which at that time was very ex- 
tensive,) and report which part was best for the payment 
of the bounty promised to the officers and soldiers of that 
State during the Revolution. A settlement had been 
made in this part of the State in 1780, under the guid- 
ance and direction of Col. Robertson, at a place they 
named Nashville, in honor of Gen. Nash, who was killed 
at the battle of Germantown, in 1777. The county was 
named Davidson, in honor of Gen. Davidson, who fell 
in opposing Cornwallis, in 1781 . The military warrants 
were made out, many of the officers and soldiers repair- 
ed to this section to secure and settle their lands, and 
many purchasers from various States of the Union be- 
came settlers. 

In 1785, the inhabitants of the counties of Sullivan, Washing- 
ton and Green, lying directly west of the Alleghany mountains, 
framed a constitution, elected their governor, and erected them- 
selves into an independent State, by the name of the New State of 
Franklin. This premature State was to comprehend " all that 
tract of country which lies between the mountains and the Suck 
or Whirl in the Tennessee river." These proceedings occasioned 
great confusion and warm disputes, which continued until 1788, 
when the thoughts of independency were relinquished, and tran- 
quility was restored. The territory was finally ceded to the 
United States in 1790, and a territorial government was estabhsh- 
ed under the name of the" Territory Southwest of the Oliio River." 
In 1796, Tennessee was admitted into the Union as a State. 



153 



MICHIGAN. 

The missionary and the hunter bold. 

First ranged thy forest depths in times of old: 

Earth's mightiest Lakes, now bound thy lengthened shore, 
The Huron brave shall tread thy fields no more. 

The Huron tribe of Indians, were the aboriginal in- 
habitants of Michigan. They were anciently very nu- 
merous, brave and powerful, and their settlements ex- 
tended as far north as Lake Superior. As early as 1634, 
the French Catholic missionaries, founded a mission near 
Lake Huron, and in 1660, a station was established on 
the rocky and pine-clad borders of Lake Superior. In 
1663, the mission at St. Mary's Falls was founded, and 
in 1671, Father Marquette gathered a little flock of In- 
dian converts at Point St. Ignatus, on the main land 
north of the island of Mackinaw. The great body of 
the Hurons, were converted by the efforts of the mission- 
aries, to the profession of Christianity. The Iroquois, or 
Five Nations, made war upon them, and massacred or 
dispersed most of their number. 

In 1667, Louis XIV. sent a party of soldiers to this 
territory, to protect the French fur-traders. In 1701, a 
French colony left Montreal, and began the settlement 
of Detroit, which was a place of resort of the French 
missionaries, as early as 1620. Having established mil- 



154 

itary posts at this, and other places, they soon extended 
their commerce westward of Lake Michigan, to the In- 
dians on the Mississippi. They were steadily opposed 
by the Iroquois, and the settlements being somewhat 
neglected by the French government, they never flour- 
ished as colonies. The war of 1756, dispossessed the 
French of all their northern possessions, and of the rest 
of this territory, which remained in a neglected state in 
the hands of the British till the peace of 1783, gave it 
over to the United States, and a governor was appointed 
in 1787, for all the territory N. W. of the Ohio. In 
1796, the fort of Detroit was ceded by the British to the 
United States, and the peninsula of Michigan proper was 
formed into a county, called the county of Wayne. In 
1805, it was formed into a distinct territorial govern- 
ment, and in 1836 it was admitted into the Union as a 
State. 

In the war of 1812, the important fortress of Mackinaw, being 
garrisoned by only 57 men under Lieut, Hanks, was surrendered 
on the 17th of July to a party of 1000 British and Indians. On the 
15th of August, Gen. Brock, with a force of 1300 men, of whom 
700 were Indians, summoned Gen. Hull to surrender Detroit, stat- 
ing that he would be unable to control the Indians if any resist- 
ance should be offered. Although Hull had a force of 800 men, 
yet he supposed it would be useless to resist, and, to the astonish- 
ment of all, he surrendered at discretion, without scarcely any oppo- 
sition. The indignation was great against him, and after he was 
exchanged, he was tried by a Court martial, sentenced to death, but 
on account of his age and services in the Revolution, the President 
remitted the punishment, but deprived him of all military command. 
On the 22d of January, 1813, Gen. Winchester, who was encamped 
at Frenchtown on the river Raisin, was surprised by a force of 
British and Indians under Gen. Proctor. After a severe contest 
the Americans surrendered, under a promise of being protected from 
the Indians. This promise was broken : a large number of pris- 
oners, mostly those who were wounded, were murdered by the In- 
dians. Gen. Winchester's force consisted of about 800 men, prin- 
cipally volunteers from some of the most respectable families in 
Kentucky. One-third were killed in the battle and massacre that 
followed, and but 33 escaped. The merciless savages fired the 
town, dragged the wounded from their houses, killed and scalped 
them in the streets, and left their mangled bodies in the high-way. 



lfV5 




I]V1> I AN A. 

Land of the Shawnee braves, thy fertile plains 
The Buffalo wild herd shall tread no more ; 

Thy far spread prairies teem with golden grain, 
And towns arise where forests waved before. 

This State, till Jan. 1801, formed a part of the Northwest Ter- 
ritory. It was then created into a separate territory, and Gen. 
Harrison was appointed Governor. It was admitted into the 
Union in 1816, and adopted its constitution. The first settlement 
in this State was made by the French, at Vincennes, as early, there 
is reason to believe, as the year 1735. This place, or post, receiv- 
ed its name from M. de Vincennes, a young and brave French 
officer, who was killed in an expedition aaginst the Chickasaws, in 
1735. At the peace of 1763, between France and England, this 
country came into possession of Great Britain. In 1779, Vin- 
cennes was taken from the British by a party of Virginia militia, 
under Col. Clark. 

Just previous to the war of 1812 with Great Britain, Indiana 
was harrassed by the hostile movements of the Shawnee and other 
Indians, led on by Tecumseh, and his brother, the Prophet. On 
the 7th of November, Gen. Harrison met a number of the Proph 
et's messengers at Tipppecanoe, a branch of the Wabash, then the 
principal seat of the Shawanese. Agreeing to a short suspension 
of hostilities, the Indians endeavored to take Harrison by surprise ; 
they were, however, defeated, with the loss of 170 killed, and 100 
wounded. 



156 



ILLINOIS. 

On thy broad fields, and prairies wild and vast, 
The thundering herd shall rush no longer past ; 
But cultured by the hand of man, thy soil 
With rich abundance crowns the laborer's toil. 

This State derives its name from the river Illinois, an 
Indian word, signifying a mail full of age, in the vigor of 
his years. Illinois river is the river of men. The first 
settlement within the limits of the State, was made by 
the French, at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Peoria, some- 
where between the years 1690 and 1700. It appears 
clear, that Father Gravier began a mission among the 
Illinois before 1693, and became the founder of Kaskas- 
kia, though in what year we know not ; but for some 
time it was merely a missionary station, and the inhabi- 
tants of the village consisted entirely of natives ; it being 
one of the three such villages ; the other two being 
Cahokia and Peoria. In 1789, Illinois constituted a part 
of the Northwest Territory. In 1800, Indiana and Illi- 
nois became a separate territory. In 1809, it was made 
a separate territory, and in 1818, it was admitted into 
the Union as an independent State. 

The first European who touched the soil of Illinois, 
appears to have been one Perrot, an agent for the In- 
tendant of Canada, who, in 1670, explored Lake Michi- 



157 

gan as far as Chicago. In 1673, Father Marquette, the 
devoted and pious French missionary, M. Joliet, of 
Quebec, with five boatmen, left the Michilimacinac, 
passed down Green Bay, and entered Fox river. From 
thence they crossed over to theWisconsin, and sailed down 
the Mississippi as far as Arkansas, when they return- 
ed to the north. They were kindly received and feast- 
ed by the Illinois. Their feast consisted of four courses : 
the first of hominy, the second of fish, the third of dog, 
which the Frenchmen declined, and the whole concluded 
with roast buffalo. The Illinois Indians are described 
by all travellers as remarkably handsome, well manner- 
ed and kind. 

In the year 1812, Gen. Hull, who surrendered Detroit into the 
hands of the British, directed Capt. Heald, who commanded Fort 
Dearborn, at Chicago, to distribute his stores to the Indians, and 
retire to Fort Wayne. Not having perfect confidence in the In- 
dians, he threw the powder into the well, and wasted the whiskey. 
As these were the articles they most wanted, they were so exaspe- 
rated, they fell upon the garrison after they had proceeded about 
two miles from the fort, and massacred about 60 persons, being 
about two-thirds of their number. 

In 1&40, the Mormons having been driven out of Missouri, loca- 
ted a city on the east bank of the Mississippi, which they called 
Nauvoo. They had extraordinary privileges granted them by the 
State. But here, as elsewhere, numerous difficulties arose between 
them and the surrounding inhabitants. On June 27th, 1844, Jo- 
seph Smith, the Mormon prophet and leader, with his brother 
Hyrum, were killed by a mob, and in a short period after, the 
Mormons began their movement toward California. 

14 



158 




MISSOURI. 

With hills and dales, and plains diversified, 

Thy commerce growing, spreading far and wide. 

Large in extent among each sister state. 

These and thy mines of wealth shall make thee great. 

Missouri was originally included in the limits of Lou- 
isiana, purchased of the French government in 1803. 
In 1804, the territory was organized into the district of 
Louisiana, and was under the authority of Gov. Harrison 
of Indiana. In 1806, it became a territory under its own 
government. In 1812, its name was changed to Mis- 
souri. In 1820, it was admitted into the Union, after 
much debate and agitation, on the subject of admitting 
new slave states into the confederacy. 

In 1763, Mr. Laclede, the head of a mercantile com- 
pany, who had obtained a monopoly of the Indian and 
fur-trade, on the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, left New 
Orleans on an expedition fitted out to form establishments, 
and open a commerce with the natives. Laclede having 
left his stores at Fort Charles on the Kaskakias, proceeded 
up the river to the bluff, where St. Louis now stands. He 
was so much pleased with the situation of the place, 
that he determined to make it the central place of the 



159 

company's operations. Laclede was accompanied by 
Auguste and Pierre Choteau, two young Creoles of New 
Orleans, of high respectability and intelligence. In Feb., 
1764, Auguste, the elder of the two brothers, commenced 
the first buildings at St. Louis, and these brothers never 
afterwards quitted the country of their adoption. They 
became the heads of numerous families, whose name is, 
even at this time, a passport that commands safety and 
hospitality among the Indian nations in the United States 
north and west. 

In 1669, settlements were made on both shores of the lower por- 
tion of the Missouri. Blanchette, " the hunter," buih a log house, 
the first dwelling on the site of the beautiful village, which in 1784, 
received the name of St. Charles. St. Genevieve was settled as 
early as 1774. New Madrid was laid out by Col. Morgan, under 
the Spanish government, about the year 1790. 

On the 16th of December, 1811, commenced a series of earth- 
quakes, which continued till the February following. The most 
destructive shocks took place in the beginning, although they were 
repeated many weeks, becoming lighter till they died away in 
slight vibrations, like the jarring of steam in an immense boiler. 
New Madrid, having suffered more than any other town on the 
Mississippi from its effects, was considered as situated near the fo- 
cus from whence the undulations proceeded. This place, which 
stood on a bluff bank, fifteen or twenty feet above the summer floods, 
sunk so low, that the next rise covered it to the depth of five feet. 
The bottom of several fine lakes in the vicinity, were elevated, so 
as to become dry land, and have since been planted with corn. 
The earth on the shores opened in wide fissures, and closing again, 
threw the water and mud, in huge jets, higher than the tops of the 
trees. The atmosphere was filled with a thick vapor, or gas, of a 
purple tinge. The agitation of the waters of the Mississippi were 
such, that many boats were overwhelmed, and their crews drowned. 



*» 



160 




ARKANSAS. 

The plough and the steam boat are upon thy shield. 

Commerce and Agricuhure's skillful hand 
Shall skim thy streams, shall furrow o'er thy fields, 
And make thee great amid thy sister band. 

Arkansas receives its name from the large river by which it is 
centrally intersected. It was a part of the Louisiana purchase. It 
became a separate territory in 1819, and in 1836, it adopted a 
State constitution, and was admitted into the Union. 

The first white man who traversed the territory of Arkansas, was 
De Soto, the celebrated Spanish adventurer, who, after his wander- 
ings east of the Mississippi, reached the banks of the great River 
of the West, not far from the 35th parallel of latitude. A month, 
it is said, was spent in preparing barges to convey his horses, many 
of whom lived, across the rapid stream. Having successfully passed 
it, they pursued their way northward, and then turuiag westward 
again, they marched more than two hundred males from the Mis^ 
sissippi to the highlands of White River. But still they found no 
gold, (the object of their search,) no gems, no cities : only bare prai- 
ries, and tangled forests, and deep morasses. To the south again 
they toiled on, and passed the third winter of wandering upon the 
Waschita. In the following spring, (1542,) De Soto, weary with 
hope long deferred, descended the Waschita, to its junction with 
the Mississippi. His men and horses wasted away, the Indians 
were hostile about him, till he sunk into discouragement and died. 

The territory of Arkansas appears to have been next visited by 
Father Marquette, and a few others, who came down from Canada 
in 1673. The French voyagers from the Ohio, passed down the 
river to the neighborhood of the " Arkamscas/' or Arkansas, where 
they were kindly received. 



161 




TEXAS. 

"Lone Texian star," that rose in southern skies, 

Now mingled with the northern con?'ellation bright ; 

Far in the sunny South, thy domain Les ; 
Thy sons are warlike, readiest in the fight. 

The territory' of Texas proper, appears to have been 
first visited by La Salle, who sailed from France to St. 
Domingo, and from thence proceeded the discovery and 
settlement of the famed Louisiana. The French, who 
intended to enter the Mississippi, appear to have first 
landed at Matagorda Bay, where they began a fortifica- 
tion in March, 16S5. Here they met with many discour- 
agements ; their vessel, which had their provisions and 
most valuable stores, was wrecked ; and the seed they 
planted would not sprout. Some of the men deserted to 
the [ndians ; others were discouraged, and becoming 
mutinous, murdered La Salle, and some others, (as far 
as can be judged.) upon a branch of the Brazos. Youtel 
the historian, and some others, penetrated to the Missis- 
sippi ; and from thence he proceeded northward, and 
reached Quebec in July, 1637. 

It is believed that settlements were made in the limits 
of Texas, as early as 1692 : but the savages were so 
hostile, that little progress was effected. The Spanish, 
14* 



let 

grrffitrfT.s aSert^ rrzz,-:s of j 

yx-^zi- Zi BrESsQfc. xc ^raire e jraiM of t-rniorr rrroiK'E-.^-c :: 
rrr i" xic TF.rrtg: MacDT aefisiEis aboc siierw-aTOt icicatrc :ririi.- 
scjvs jB^rt sue tner mcrea^ aitc |irDg»enTT itegar u e-ie^tl luf 

Will: meiL.ir: zDeni- 

— --r-F Tt tb^ ^sdib^raten: of QertT^aiign,. nr- 
i;-: r - ~ ^saarst iter InQepeiiQenee. 

Gr-i. - exzDE Ban itt -wat oeKaisc and 

zicc -winL £ I'sree o: SOOf ■ men, 

_ : - ^T.=» -7riTnaT -^ uti At- -- -— ,^ 

:" xaf ir _ Sac Anicmic _ 

■» - -/rzmc V- - DT E foree of 

ce!=sc Itenc Crocker:, anc Gol. Bowie, toe is- 

■» - 1 kiliBc It ibt oeKaae of tjiia 

> i-^affed a: Set Anionic. Gea. 

T - - :•'.- c i,^-v-:.r^ ecmtes: "WTtL Cid. 

i - --rec taenBerpeE as 

--- . ' escape. 

- -MO, 

V'lieii 

Tne Tex- 

u: 7() rarde 

-1 liTi, wi-iii Uiftir u^v/^uiMt :»rre. gnne, 

2' b-c frvfe or siz aooa: taem, DeaaeB 

.; ' ::'siiiis iiK.* the 

anc nred n 

:^uaoi. Tiie 

- 1 n^ M'exicai! ioee 

c ' >,rirtf<f«i o&ceiE. TxiB 

■jsreatif 





wiscoxsry. 



W^r to the aardr 4y bonr. j^xn-r^ irtjear. 
Wheie -jie wid. (rhurpewa ais .tMs«? laxh Tcar " 
Thy sons ire a^ee. tny iimaie areaxnea ai" -w»<tt» , 
Aad 01 :ii7 irnie sax are amies oi" wi^ui. 

Osx of eke nr^t Eurooeans wko Tisiiett ihe terniraT j£ 
UTiseQastn. was Fidier J<arvw«te> i aious Caiii<uiH! Mis-. 



-H 



swiarv". wiio. liter gpennTing 3 

Stnii3 or' >f j.CiiJia'w. tke iuea 

larther uqwit'-ls :iie ^eoiii^ sun. 

amd niore iedmre in his mind. 

Jt^ac ri'^^r 3t* 'iie Wesc ir ' ^' ' ■ 

bank? — act oiigacr cities. 

joath — but wkoie tribes oi <- u - .■ 

5oiinii c?r tke Gospel had aever cu 

wisii : J 

orders 

party mz: j.'i ^r - 

He WAS iCCCr 

i>re boatmen. Il-i 
in rwo bark •.•anoes. 
Greea " 
their ca 
tiian:< A* a*; 



*» jears at dw 
^ the laads ^^^ 



IienL he jc--/ •.: v;- . r ae 
Joliet. ot ^lebec. imi 



Jlt^^ulz* vi ir ct::ii.«w:u. ^L^^i^^yU^'v ,ifU*. ^ta^i^-^i^ 



164 

and where " they found a cross, on which hung skins and 
belts, bows and arrows, which they had offered to the 
great Manitou, [God,J to thank him because he had ta- 
ken pity on them during the winter, and had given them 
abundant chase." 

Beyond this point, no Frenchman had gone ; and here was the 
bound of discovery. The friendly Indians then guided to the Wis- 
consin, about three leagues distant, whose waters flowed westward. 
Down this they floated, till, on the 17th of June, when, with joy, they 
entered the Mississippi. They proceeded down the river to Ar- 
kansas, then they returned to Green Bay without loss or injury. 
Wisconsin was next visited by La Salle, and Father Hennipin, a 
Franciscan friar, a man of much ambition and energy. These ad- 
venturers, having passed down the Illinois, Hennipin paddled up 
the Mississippi as far as the Wisconsin, where he was taken pris- 
oner by the Indians, who treated him and his companions kindly. 
They took them up the river to the Falls, which Hennipin named 
St. Anthony, in honor of his patron Saint. From this point he re- 
turned to Canada and France by way of Lake Superior. 

Wisconsin was under the government of France, till 1763; of 
Great Britain, till 1794 ; of Ohio, till 1800 ; of Indiana, till 1809 ; 
of Illinois, till 1818 ; of Michigan, till 1836 ; and under a territorial 
government till 1848, when she was admitted into the Union as a 
State. The principal place in this State, is Milwaukie, formerly 
the site of a village of the Sac and Fox tribe of Indians. Its name 
is said to be derived from Man-na-wah-kie, an Indian word, sig- 
nifying good land. 

In the spring of 1832, the Winnebagocs, Sacs, and Foxes, un- 
der Black Hawk, commenced a war with the United States. Many 
settlements were broken up and destroyed, and many of the inhab- 
itants were killed. Gov. Reynolds, of Illinois, ordered out 2000 
militia. Congress ordered 600 mounted Rangers to be raised, and 
Gen. Scott was ordered from the sea board, with nine companies 
of artillery. The troops on their route were attacked with the 
Cholera, and out of one corps of 208 men, but nine were left alive. 
After an unsuccessful contest, with the overwhelming force of the 
whites. Black Hawk, and his brother the Prophet, were surren- 
dered to Gen. Street, at Prairie du Chien, on the 27th of August, 
which ended the war. 



165 




IOWA. 

The Eagle, bow, and arrow here we see, 
Columbia, and the Indian emblems, types of thee ; 
Thine onward course, is like an Eagle's flight ; 
Thy soil is fertile, and thy skies are bright. 

This State derived its name from the loway tribe of Indians, 
formerly located on the Iowa river, but now intermingled among 
the surrounding tribes, principally among the Sauks, or Sacs, and 
Foxes. These tribes had the reputation of being the best hunters 
of any on the borders of the Mississippi or Missouri. At the time 
the white traders first went among them, their practice was, to 
leave their villages as soon as their corn and beans were ripe, and 
taken care of, to go on to their wintering grounds ; it being previ- 
ously determined in council, on what particular ground each party 
shall hunt. The old men, women, and children, embark in canoes ; 
the young men go by land with their horses ; and on their arrival, 
they immediately commence their winter's hunt, which lasts about 
three months. They return to their villages in the month of April, 
and prepare their lands for cultivation. In June, most of the yonng 
men went out on a Summer's hunt and returned in April. 

In 1832, Iowa was purchased of the Indians, and in 1833, it be- 
gan to be settled by white emigrants. Since this period, the popu- 
lation has increased with astonishing rapidity ; towns have been 
built, and improvement has rapidly progressed. In 1838, Iowa 
was separated from Wisconsin, and had a distinct territorial gov- 
ernment of its own. In 1844, she adopted a constitution, and asked 
to be admitted into the Union. In 1846, terms with regard to her 
boundaries were agreed upon, and Iowa became the twenty-ninth 
State admitted into the Union. 



166 




[I have found it.] 

CALIFORNIA. 

Far west, on to the broad Pacific sea. 

The germ of Empire great is found in thee ; 

By rapid Sacramento's distant tide, 

Thy mines of gold are famed both far and wide. 

The first European who visited the coast of California, after the 
voyage of Cabrillo, in 1542, appears to have been Sebastian Vis- 
caino, who was appointed by the Spanish government to explore 
the north-west coast of California. Viscaino appears to have made 
the discovery of the harbors of San Diego and Monterey, in 1602. 

It was not until 167 years after the first discovery was made, 
that the Spaniards attempted settlements in New California, so 
named in distinction from old California, which embraced the 
peninsula. In 1542, this coast was traversed by Cabrillo ; in 1578, 
by Sir Francis Drake. The first colonists were principally Cath- 
olic missionaries, and their settlements were called Missions. 
San Diego was founded in 1769 ; Monterey in 1770; and San 
Francisco in 1776. 

In June, 1846, Capt. John C. Fremont took military possession 
of Sonoma, and soon established the American authority. He 
was assisted by Com. Sloat, commander of the Pacific squadron. 
In February, 1848, California was ceded by Mexico to the United 
States. In 1849, a State government was organized, and Repre^ 
Bentatives and Senators to Congress were appointed. 

California is now rapidly increasing in population : great num* 
bers arriving for the purpose of " digging gold ;" this precious 
metal being found in large quantities near the banks, or in the beds 
of streams which empty into the harbor of San Francisco. 



167 



OREGON. 

The first European navigator who traversed any part of the 
coast of Oregon, was Cabrillo, who, in 1542, sailed up as far as 
latitude 44°. In 1578, Sir Francis Drake ranged this coast from 
latitude 38 to 48. This region was called by the English, New 
Albion. The name Oregon is from Orcgano, the Spanish name of 
wild marjoram ; and it is from this herb, or some other similar, it is 
supposed the name arose. The name of its principal river is de- 
rived from the name of Columbia Redivinia, an American vessel 
from Boston, Mass. , commanded by Capt. Grey, who, on May 11th, 
1792, discovered this important stream. Its two great branches, 
the Lewis and the Clark, were named from Captains Lewis and 
Clark, who travelled westward, passed over the Rocky Mountains, 
and explored the country in 1805. Having wintered west of the 
mountains, they returned in safety, pursuing nearly the same route 
east which they travelled west. 

In 1811, Astoria, a trading establishment, was formed by the 
American Fur Company, at the mouth of Columbia river. This 
colony consisted of 120 men, and was under the direction of the 
late John Jacob Astor, of New York, from whom the place de- 
rived its name. In the course of two years from the founding 
of Astoria, five other establishments were made. The bounda- 
ries of Oregon were for some time undefined, owing to the con- 
flicting claims to the territory by a number of the European gov- 
ernments. In the years 1818, .1824, and 1826, a number of un- 
successful negotiations were made in London. In 1846, a bound- 
ary was agreed upon, and all differences happily adjusted. In 
1849, a territorial government was formed. 

NEW MEXICO. 

New Mexico was first visited by the Catholic missionaries in 
1581, but it was not subdued by the Spaniards till 1644. The 
missions were established here in 1660. The capital, Santa Fe 
was founded in 1682. The name Mexico, in the Aztec Indiak 
language, signifies the habitation of the God of War. 

Upon the commencement of the difficulties between the United 
States and Mexico, orders were issued to Col. Kearney, in May, 
1846, to make a movement on New Mexico. He concentrated 
his forces at Brent's Fort, on the Arkansas river. This force con- 
sisted of eighteen hundred men, part of whom were Mormons, 
who were about emigrating to California. Upon the approach of 
the Americans, Gov. Armijo called a council of war, in which his 
principal officers advised a retreat, which advice was followed. 



168 



On August 18th, Gen. Kearney took possession of Santa Fe, and 
caused the oath of allegiance to be taken to the American govern- 
ment. In January, 1847, Gov. Brent and five other officers of 
the territory were murdered, at Taos, about 50 miles north of 
Santa Fe — the northern part of the Indians and Nev^' Mexicans 
rose up in rebeUion. This movement was put down by Col. Price, 
after about 150 of the insurgents were killed. 

MINNESOTA, 

Father Hennepin, a Catholic missionary, who was at the Falls of 
St. Anthony in 1680, appears to have been the first European in 
the limits of this territory. Its name is derived from Mini-sotah, 
the name given by the Sioux to St. Peter's river ; mini, in their 
language, meaning water, and sotah, muddy, or slightly turbid. 
In 1695, it appears that M. LeSeur discovered, (as he supposed,) a 
copper mine on Blue Earth River, a tributary of St. Peter's. In 
1767, Capt. Jonathan Carver ascended to the Falls of St. Anthony, 
and was well received by the Indians, and, as he states, granted 
him a large tract of land. 

In 1805, Lieut. Pike was sent to explore the sources of the Mis- 
sissippi. In this tour he purchased the site on which Fort Snelling 
is situated. In 1819, barracks were erected at this place. In 1820, 
Gov. Cass was sent with an escort of soldiers to explore the head 
waters of the Mississippi. He ascended the river as far as Cass 
Lake. In 1823, Major Long went on the Red River as far north 
as Pembina, the Upper Selkirk settlement, which, being found 
within the limits of the United States, took formal possession. 
This colony was founded by Lord Selkirk, in 1812. The land on 
which St. Paul, the principal place in the territory, was purchased 
of the government in 1648, it is said, at $1,25 per acre. In 1849, 
Minnesota was organized as a Territory, and the Hon. Alexander 
Ramsay, of Pennsylvania, was appointed its governor. 

DESERET, 

The first civilized establishment in this tract of country, appears 
to have been made by Miles M. Goodyear, a native of New Haven, 
Conn., who created a trading fort in the valley of the Great Salt 
Lake, which he sold to the Mormons in 1847. This singular 
people, having been driven from various places, encamped at 
Council Bluffs, on the Missouri, in 1846. The next year, oOO of 
their number volunteered into the service of the United States, 
and were dismissed in California. In 1848, the Mormons began 
to remove their families to the valley of the " Great Salt Lake," 
and their settlements are now rapidly extending. 



169 




l>ISCOy£UI£S AND SETTLEMENTS. 

IN THE ORDER OF TIME. 

1492. Long centuries ago, the Genoese, 

The bold Columbus crossed the stormy seas, 
With courage bold, with spirit firm and brave, 
A land to find beyond the western wave, 

1497. Sebastian Cabot, son of Venice, came 

In later years, this new found land to claim. 
To find for unborn millions here a home. 
Where savage men alone were wont to roam. 

1512. Next Ponce de Leon, sought thy verdant bowers, 
Fair Florida, the lovely land of flowers ; 

1528. And next de Narvaez, with his hostile band. 
Sought to invade, and conquer this fair land. 



1535. Far to the North, where wild Canadians roam. 
Carder, the Frenchman, sought to find a home ; 
15 



170 

1539. And in the South, De Soto sought for gold, 
Where the great Mississippi's waters rolled 

1562. And next, the Frenchman Ribault, with his band, 
Of fearless exiles sought Columbia's strand, 
And near the blue Edisto, sought in vain, 
A home amid the western wilds to gain. 

1584. Raleigh, the knight, and soldier, bold and brave, 
Sent forth his comrades o'er the Atlantic wave, 
And this fair Southern State, Virginia named, 
From England's virgin Queen, in history famed. 



1586. Next Grenville, crossed the ocean with his band, 
A Colony to plant in this new land : 
Again, and yet again, come o'er the wave, 
Virginia's pioneers, the bold and brave. 

1602. Years passed away ; on Massachusetts shore. 
The daring Gosnold turned his prow of yore : 

1608. Next Chesapeake, brave Smith explored thy bay, 
And far Quebec, arose to mark the day. 



1609. Brave Hudson next, to this new country came. 
And blue Manhattan gave thy later name ; 

1611. Champlain, the Frenchman, many a year ago. 
His record left where silvery waters flow. 



1614. The sea-girt coast, throughout our country famed. 
By Charles the monarch, was New England 

named ; 
While Holland's sons filled fair Manhattans isle, 
And where New Jersey's fruitful vallies smile. 



171 

1620. And next the glorious " Pilgrim Fathers " came, 
To Plymouth rock, a spot endeared to fame ; 

1623. New Hampshire next, Columbia's Switzerland, 
Was peopled by the Pilgrim's hardy band. 



1627. Fair Pennsylvania, smiling Delaware, 

The Swedes, and Fins, first sought a dwelling the^e ; 

1633. Next Maryland, the noble Baltimore, 

With his adherents sought thy fertile shore. 

1635. Then old Connecticut, along thy side, 
Thine early settlers laden vessels glide ; 

Old Windsor still repeats the red man's name, 
And Hartford tells her early settlers fame. 

1636. Next dauntless Williams, with a spirit free, 
Rhode Island, found a hiding place in thee, 
A fugitive who gained a deathless fame, 

And with his country's annals linked his name. 



1637. New Haven next, city, and colony, 

Thy noble founders sought a home in thee ; 

1639. Next Narraganset in thy rolling bay, 

The vessels of fair Newporfs settlers lay. 

For twelve bright years, behold new scenes arise ! 
Oh fair Columbia 'neath thy smiling skies, 
Connecticut, Rhode Island, Carolina fair. 
With bright New Jersey's annals mingling there. 

1682. Next Penn of memory well beloved and great. 
The ocean crossed to found a peaceful State ; 
A city where sweet Peace and Love should reign. 
And richest blessings follow in their train. 



172 

1682. While brave La Salle bestowed his monarch's 
name, 

Where now a home the generous Frenchmen claim; 
1702. And Louisiana, 'neath thy smiling skies, 

We next behold a New Orleans arise. 



1723. The settler turns to thee, Green Mountain State, 

And Trenton, linked with our young country's fate ; 
1733. The increasing tide fair Georgia moves to thee, 
1740. Exploring thy fair borders Tennessee, 

1749. Next Nova Scotia, on thy strand so bleak, 
The sons of Britain came a home to seek ; 

1765. To Tennessee and Carolina fair, 

New groups of hardy settlers now repair. 

1773. And fair Kentucky to thy fertile land. 

Came hunter Boone and his adventurous band ; 

1787. Next fair Ohio, 'neath thy smiling skies, 
Amid thy woods the log built cabins rise. 



173 




Scene at Lexington. 

IVAR OF THE KEVOL.UTION. 

EIGHT YEARS. 

1775. 

{The first year of the Revolution.] 

[n seventeen hundred seventy-five began 
Our country's struggles for the rights of man : 
In Massachusetts, firm for freemen's right, 
On Lexington's green plain began the fight. 

On Bunher^s bloody hill, where Warren fell, 
The sons of Freedom strong, their prowess tell ; 
And brave Montgomery^ with ardor fired. 
Before Quebec, 'mid wintry snows expired. 

The people spurn their tyrant's hateful sway, 
The Royal Governors now flee away : 
15* 



174 

A youthful nation, (men, both bold and true,) 
For Freedom strong, now rises to the view. 

1776. 

In " Seventy-six," George Third, the British king, 
Commands his Hessian soldiers, forth to bring 
Their burnished arms, and cross the stormy sea, 
To crush a people struggling to be free. 

Our fathers now their freedom strive to gain. 
Their Independence boldly now proclaim ; 
They pledged their " Fartunes, sacred Honor, Life,^ 
And periled all amid the deadly strife. 

Great Britain's hostile troops in proud array, 
New York they take, and onward press their way ; 
Our father's fled, but still for Freedom brave, 
At Trenton^ s fight, their bleeding country save. 

1777. 

In " Seventy-seven," from far Canadian snows. 
Behold Burgoyne advancing with our foes ; 
Let Bennington rehearse that foe's defeat, • 

And Saratoga's plains, the tale repeat. 

Let Brandywine, our fathers prowess speak. 
And the bright waters of the Chesapeake : 
When driven from the land of peaceful Penn, 
Death's dangers darkened o'er our gallant men. 

And while the Patriots forced to quit the field. 
Resolved on Independence, scorned to yield ; 
" Mother of States, and Statesmen," still in thee, 
Was found a shelter for the noble free. 



175 

1778. 

In " Seventy-eight," from sunny France, a band 
Of gallant spirits, gave a brother's hand : 
And now, amid the clouds of gloomy fears, 
Freedom looked up, and brightly smiled through tears. 

Blue Narragansety in thy rolling bay. 
The generous Frenchmen's fi-eighted vessels lay ; 
While gallant Steubeuy far from " Fatherland,'* 
In warlike science, gave his heart and hand. 

See fair Savannah, stmggling with the foe, 
Behold within her walls the life blood flow : 
Now Carolina's plains were darkened o'er, 
With clouds of war, they feel the foemen's power. 

1779. 

In " Seventy-nine," through want and much distress, 
Our fathers still for Freedom onward press : 
Red ruin stalks around, the flames rise high, 
Norwalk, and Fairfield, low in ashes lie. 

O'er deep morass, o'er mountain, and o'er plain, 
Led by their brave commander, gallant Wayne, 
Our troops press on, at lonely midnight hour, 
The fort they gain, their foes they overpower. 

See now the red man with the foe allied. 
The " Continental " force, they now defied ; 
'Gainst Sullivan, their tribes they fight in vain, 
Their country wasted, and their warriors slain. 

1780. 

In " Eighty," Carolina ravaged by the foe, 
Beheld her gallant patriot sons laid low ; 
Her army close besieged, and forced to yield, 
Charleston now falls, and Britons gain the field. 



176 

Comwallis to the South, now bends his way, 
Gates he defeats, who flees with sore dismay, 
The foe stalks round, with haughty power and pride, 
With fire and sword spreads devastation wide. 

Arnold, a traitor's perjury is thine. 
The sword once laid on Freedoms sacred shrine, 
Against thy country's injured cause was turned, 
While patriot souls, the foul Apostate spurned. 

1781 

Behold the routed foe on Cowpens field. 
By Morgan's gallant band compelled to yield ; 
While proud Comwallis, forced at last to fly. 
And gallant Greenes brave band, won victory. 

And northward still, the invading forces came. 
Invading peaceful homes, with sword and flame. 
While once again, from sunny France a fleet. 
Appeared our Father's sinking hearts to greet. 

Then quailed at last, our country's haughty foes. 
Then Freedom's sun, in glorious brightness rose ; 
At Yorktown with humiliation sore, 
Comwallis yields : — the bloody strife is o'er. 



177 
UNITED STATES. 




Columbia ! land of Liberty- — home of the brave and free ; 
The pilgrim sons of many a clime have found a home in thee ! 
Along thy w^ide-spread shore, the flag of every clime is furled. 
And Hope's prophetic eye still turns to greet this Western World. 



ITALY. 



Columbia ! centuries ago, the daring Genoese, 
The far off mighty West to seek, sailed over unknown seas : 
The pride and power of Italy, since then, have passed away ; 
The " Star of Empire" in the West has risen, since that day. 

Oh, Italy ! thine exile sons, in fair Columbia see 

The tokens of a mightier power than ever dwelt in thee ; 

The Eagle that unfurled its wing o'er Capitol ian dome. 

Broods o'er the Western Empire now, as once o'er ancient Rome. 




178 




SPAI]¥. 



Thy sons, fair Spain, were earliest here, from out thy orange bowers ; 
DeLeon sought sweet Florida, thy lovely land of flowers ; 
And proud de Narvaez gained thy shore, and with his warrior band 
In vain essayed, in olden time, to conquer this new land. 

Then, seeking for the golden stores of whit^h the Spaniards told, 
Came brave DeSotu with his band, twelve hundred comrades bold ; 
He sought the flowery wilds beyond, and on, still on, he pressed. 
Where the dark Mississippi rolled, with calm majestic breast. 

What though the haughty Spaniard now, the Indian's dusky race, 
To children of a paler brow at last have given place "? 
Their sunny homes are southward still ; their names are storied o'er 
Along the blue Pacific wave, and Mexico's bright shore. 



FRANCi:. 



Where once the wild Canadian tribes were wont of old to roam, 
The gay and generous Frenchmen came to seek another home, 
By fair Edisto's glancing stream, on Carolina's plain. 
And northward, 'neath a colder sky, along the blue Champlain. 

Thy sons, sweet France, throughout our land, are scattered far and 

wide ; 
Their place is seen where crystal waves of proud St. Lawrence 

glide ; 
By old Quebec's stern fortress rock ; by Montreal'^ dark towers ; 
And where of old the Hugenot sought Carolina's bowers. 




And Louisiana, through her fields, thy fame in music tells, 
And where the Mississippi's tide all proudly ebbs and swells ; 
And far from France, a Ncid Orleans, the stately Southern Queen, 
A home is theirs, and Florida with vales of changeless green. 



170 




OREAT BRITAIN. 



31d England hither sent her sons, in by-gone days of yore, 
iVhen gallant Raleigh sent his fleet to old Virginia's shore, 
rhat whispers, in her name, the fame of England's virgin Queen, 
ind Roanoke tells the tale along its banks of green. 

kVhile Jamestown wears its laurels yet, Virginia tells with pride, 
3f noble sons and statesmen, still to Britain's blood allied ; 
Vnd Massachusetts wears it yet her glory and her crown, 
rhat hoary Plymouth rock is hers, a spot of broad renown. 

(Vhere first the Pilgrim sires set foot, a noble exile band, 
iVhose sons are scattered far and wide, throughout our happy land ; 
rheir sails are set on every stream, their feet on every shore ; 
Phey climb the mountains, tread the vales, and skim each ocean o'er. 



SWEDEN. 



Vhere the blue Baltic laves the rocks of Sweden's rugged strand, 
rhere came from out its forests dark, a hardy northern band ; 
^ band of Swedes and Fins to seek a distant shore more fair ; 
rhe sylvan home of peaceful Penn, and smiling Delaware. 



NOR^FAY. 



rradition tells not when these came, the children of the North, 
rhe bold Norwegians, from the land of waving forests forth, 
Lnd left their rude memorials, Rhode Island, on thy shore, 
rhe relics of a hardy race, that lingers here no more. 

Jut on New Jersey's fertile soil, along her verdant plains, 
)till courses old Norwegian blood, in hardy freemen's veins ; 
)n Bergen's hills their homes they rear, and still they find a place, 
Strong, brave and firm for Freedom's rights, the bold Norwegian 
race. 





180 




IIOI.I.A1VD. 



Where sluggish streams roll slowly past, in Holland's distant land, 
There came to seek these western wilds a brave adventurous band ; 
Their dwellings in a stranger land, crowned (air Manhattan's isle, 
And where, past hills and banks of green, the Hudson's waters smile. 

Where rolled the " fresh" Connecticut, their vessels on its breast, 
Where lies a smiling city now, their fortress they possessed ; 
And o'er New Jersey's smiling plains their homes are scattered wide. 
And crown the verdant banks that line the blue Manhattan's side. 




GERMANY. 



And westward still they also turn, the noble, sturdy band 
Of patriot souls and loving hearts, from distant " Fatherland ;" 
Old Pennsylvania tells their praise, and on the inland shore 
That lines our mighty chain of lakes, ^heir feet have gone before. 

And still the tide comes sweeping in, and o'er the giant West ; 
The labor of their busy hands, the fertile soil hath blessed ; 
They build them there a happy home, they plant anew the vine. 
And in the broad Ohio, find another river Rhine. 



Thus let the mighty tide set in, from many a distant land ; 
We have for all an ample home, for all a welcome hand ; 
And what our land hath ever been, it is its pride to be, 
A refuge for the exile still, a dwelling for the free. e. g. 



181 



INTERESTING EVENTS, A>NTiaUITlES, &c. 




ROUND TOWER AT NEWPORT, R. I. ^ 

- On the summit of the hill, on the declivity of which Newport, R. 
[., is built, is an interesting relic of antiquity usually denomi- 
lated the " Stone Mill." Some suppose it was built by the first set- 
lers for a kind of wind mill, others believe that it was a watch tower, 
srected by the Scandinavians, or Northmen, long before the dis- 
sovery of Columbus. This last opinion is not without reason, as it 
B well known that about A.D. 1000, a number of Norwegian na- 
vigators visited our coast, and attempted to plant colonies. This 
ower is about thirty feet in height, resting on arches supported by 
jircular pillars. The top is without a roof, and the interior desti- 
ute of any fixtures. The stones of which it is constructed are 
imall and appear to have been laid in a mortar made of sand and 
»yster shells, cementing the whole mass together like a solid rock. 
By whose hands erected, or for what purpose, no tradition remains 
give an answer. 

From off this watch-tower's lonely height, 
What eyes looked o'er the waters dark, 
16 



82 



And marked afar, the sail of white, 

The plunging prow, the wandering bark ? 
Who reared thy mystic wall ? his name " 
I ask thee, but I ask in vain. 

Tell me, ye wild and dusky race, 

Who trod these hills and shores of old ? 

Can ye the mystic story trace 
In dark traditions ye have told ? 

Silent in death the warrior lies, 
J No sign remains, no voice replies. 

Ye stormy winds that sweep on high, 
O'er the lone hill, with fitful wail ; 

Ye waves that sound your minstrelsy. 
Have ye no voice to tell the tale ? 

The winds sweep on, the wild wave roar. 

No voice will tell, on sea or shore. 

Was it the fierce and hardy band 

Of wandering Northmen, famed of old, 

Who left their far off rugged land 
Of waving pines, and endless cold, 

; That helped this ancient wall to rear, 

And fought the warrior^s battles here ? 

Deeds that the bards rehearsed in song ; 

Tales that the ancient sages told 
Of midnight revels, loud and long, 

Of shouts that crowned the warrior bold, 
Who drank the life blood of his foes. 

And chased the wolf o'er polar snows ? 

I ask in vain ! thou canst not tell 

Thy story of the hidden past ; 
The rolling seas may ebb and swell. 

And wildly howl the stormy blast. 
Still shall thou silent stand to be 
A wonder and a mystery ! e. g. i 



.83 




MORTAL SICKNESS AMONG THE INDIANS. 

About the year 1618, just before the settlement of the 
colony at Plym uth, a mortal sickness or plague swept off 
the greater part of the Indians along the eastern shores 
of the United States. In 1619, Capt. Dermer, an Eng- 
lish adventurer, having wintered at an Indian town on 
the northern coast sailed southward on his way to Vir- 
ginia, and landed at several places where he had been 
before. He found many towns depopulated ; in others 
but few of the natives remained alive and those suffering 
from the disease which appears to have been a kind of 
plague, as they showed their sores and described those 
of which their companions died. 

The mortality among the Indians appears to have pre- 
vailed a number of years. In 1622, the Plymouth set- 
tlers went to Massachusetts (now Boston) to purchase 
corn of the natives ; they found them afflicted with a 
*' great sickness not unlike the plague." It is stated by 



18'4 

creditable historians, that of the thirty tTwusand Ind lans 
composing the Massachusetts tribe only about three hun- 
dred were left alive. When the settlers arrived, in 
1620, they found the bones of those who had perished, 
in many places left unburied. At Plymouth, which was 
formerly a populous place, every human being had died 
of the pestilence. 

There appears to be considerable difference of opin- 
ion with regard to the nature of the disease which 
swept off so many of the natives. Some suppose it to 
have been the small pox, others, the plague, which 
raged at this time in many parts of the world, while 
many suppose it to have been the yellow fever, as it was 
stated by some of the Indians who survived, that the 
bodies of their companions who died were " exceeding 
yellow all over before they died, and afterwards." 

Whatever the disease was, it appears to have broken 
down the spirits of the survivors, to that extent, that for 
a number of years they made but little opposition to the 
settlers. The following occurrences relative to this 
pestilence, have been related. A few years before the 
sickness, a French ship was wrecked on Cape Cod, but 
the men and cargo were saved. The natives, however, 
killed all but three or four of the crew and divided their 
goods. The men who were spared were sent to one 
tribe and another as slaves. One of them learned so 
much of their language as to tell them that God was 
angry with them for their cruelty and would destroy 
them and give their country to another people. They 
answered " that they were too many for God to kill." 
He replied "that God had many ways to kill of which 
they were ignorant." Afterwards, when the great pes- 
tilence came, they remembered the man's words, and 
when the Plymouth settlers arrived at Cape Cod they 
feared the other part of the prediction would soon be 
accomplished. 



185 




Soldiers reposing by Porter's Rocks. 
EXPEDITION AGAINST THE PEQUOTS. 

The expedition in 1637 against the Pequot Indians in Connec- 
ticut, one of the most haughty and warlike tribes that ever existed 
in this country was a memorable event attended with remarkable 
circumstances. At this time the colony of Connecticut consisted 
of three towns, Hartford, Wethersfield and Windsor. The Pequots 
having murdered a number of the inhabitants and threatened the 
destruction of the whole colony, it was determined to make war 
against them. For this purpose ninety men were mustered at 
Hartford, being about half the efficient force of the whole colony. 
They were commanded by Captains Mason and Underbill, and 
were accompanied by Mr. Stone the teacher of the church at 
at Hartford, as chaplain. 

Previous to the marching of the expedition, tradition says thf 
soldiers were addressed in a most eloquent manner by Mr. Hook- 
er, the minister of Hartford. He told them that they were not as- 



186 

sembled by ferocious passions, but to secure safety for their wives 
and harmless babes, and above all the liberties, and lives of Christ's 
church in this new world. Their enemies had blasphemed God 
and slain his servants ; you are only the ministers of his justice. 
They were ripe for destruction ; their cruelty was notorious ; and 
cruelty and cowardice are always united. " March, then," said 
he, " with Christian courage, and your enemies shall fall like leaves 
under your feet." 

The expedition having arrived at Saybrook fort, Capt. Mason 
and his officers being somewhat divided in opinion whether it 
would be best to march through the wilderness directly to the Pe- 
quot fort, or go round by the Narragansett country and endeavor 
to take the fort by surprise. In this state of affairs, the officers 
earnestly desired Mr. Stone, to pray that their way might be di- 
rected, and that their enterprise might be crowned with success. 
Mr. Stone, accordingly, spent most of the night in prayer, and the 
next morning informed Capt. Mason that he had done as he had 
desired, and was entirely satisfied that the plan of going round by 
Narragansett was the best. The council of officers was again 
called, and they unanimously agreed with Mr. Stone. 

Having proceeded to the Narraganset country they were joined 
by about 200 of that tribe. From that place they went westward 
towards the Pequots. As the little army drew near the fort of the 
terrible Pequots many of the Indians betrayed much fear and re- 
tired into the rear. Uncas, however, with his Mohegans remained 
faithful. On the evening before the attack, they arrived at Porter's 
Rocks, near the head of Mystic, in Groton, where they encamped. 
" The men were faint and weary, and though the rocks were their 
pillows, their rest was sweet." 

About two hours before the dawn of the 26th of May, the men 
were roused with all expedition, and briefly commending them- 
selves and their cause to God, marched to the fort, about two 
miles distant. The fate of Connecticut was to be decided by sev- 
enty-seven hrave men. The barking of a dog, when within a few 
rods of the fort, aroused the sentinel, who cried out, Owannua:! 
Owannux I i. e. Englishmen ! Englishmen ! Capt, Mason entered 
the fort, the enemy fought desperately, and the conflict seemed 
doubtful. Seizing a fire-brand, Capt. Mason set fire to a wigwam 
which set the whole fort in a blaze. The roar of the flames, the 
yells of the savages, the discharge of the musketry formed an aw- 
ful and terriffic scene. The destruction of the Pequots was terri- 
ble. Out of five or six hundred only fourteen escaped the fire and 
sword ; of these seven were captured. The English lost but two 
men ; and about twenty wounded. Connecticut was saved, and 
the most warlike tribe in New England defeated and ruined. 



187 




DEATH OF MARQUETTE. 

Among the discoverers and many adventurers who came over to 
the new world, some appear to have been actuated by higher mo- 
tives than worldly gain, or honor. Of this class was James Mar- 
quette, a devoted French Catholic missi(>nary, from Canada. He 
was accompanied by M. Joliet, of Quebec, and five boatmen. This 
little company passed through the straits of Mackinac, and then 
passed over to the Mississippi, which they explored south, to a con- 
siderable extent. Through all their difficulties and wanderings, 
Father Marquette appears to have acted the part of a Christian mis- 
sionary, and endeavored to cultivate a spirit of peace and love 
among the Indians. On his return. May 18th, 1675, up Lake Mi- 
chigan, he proposed landing at the mouth of a small stream on the 
Peninsula, to perform religious devotions. Leaving his men with 
the canoe, he went apart to pray, they waiting for hrm. As much 
time passed, and he did not return, they called to mind that he said 
something of his death being at hand, and anxiously went to seek 
him. They found him dead ; where he had been praying, he had 
died. His companions dug a grave near the mouth of the stream, 
and buried him in the sand. 



188 

Hark, hark ! a voice now calls thee from above, 
Servant of God ! thy work is nobly done ; 

The mission kind, thine embassy of love 
On earth is closed ; thy final victory's won. 

The fragile bark shall bear thee here no more, 
Through inland seas, and waters deep and wide ; 

'Mid rocky islets, and a rugged shore, 
Nor on the rapid Mississippi's tide. 

'Mid chilly wintry blasts, and fervid summer's glow, 
Through deserts wild, thy feet shall range no more, 

Or pass the prairie vast, or fields of snow ; 
Nor shall thou hear again Niagara's roar. 

No brilliant golden dreams did lure thee here 
To toil through this dark howling wilderness, 

'Twas love that drew thee on, devoid of fear. 
Thy God was ever with thee for to bless. 

No more amid these earthly scenes to sigh, 

Thy feeling heart will cease to swell with grief; 

The bitter tear no more shall fill thine eye. 
At sorrow where thou couldst not give relief. 

Oh press me not to criticise his creed ; 

Away with tests of sects, and bitter zeal ; 
Did he the naked clothe, the hungry feed ? 

And childlike, Christlike, in his spirit feel ? 

Yes, yes ! he felt the power of Christ within. 
In love, he scattered heavenly light abroad ; 

Faithful he lived in this dark world of sin, 
He rests above ! he sweetly rests with God. 

J. W. B. 



10? 




Sacred music heard in the Wilderness. 



FIRST SETTLERS IN GRANVILLE, OHIO. 

The first settlers of Granville, Ohio, emigrated from 
Massachusetts, in the autumn of 1805, and were forty 
two days on their journey. Their first business on their 
arrival was to hear a sermon. The novelty of worship- 
ing in the woods, the forests extending every way for 
hundreds of miles, the dangers to which they were ex- 
posed, the hardships which they had undergone, with the 
thoughts of the homes they had left, all conspired to make 
this time one of deep interest. When they began to 
sing, the echo of their voices among the trees was so 
diflTerent from what it was in the beautiful meeting-house 
they had left, that they could no longer restrain their 
tears. Like the Jews of old, " They wept when they re- 
membered Zion." 

Tt appears that two or three years previous to this time, 
that Mr, Reese, a pious Welsh Baptist, had built a cabiu 



190 

a mile or two north of where these settlers were located. 
While searching for his cattle, he ascended the hills near 
by, and heard the singing of the choir. The reverbera- 
tion of the sound fi-om the hill tops and trees, threw the 
good man into a serious dilemma. The music at first 
seemed to be behind, then in the tops of the trees or the 
clouds. He stopped till he had caught the accurate direc- 
tion of the sound, and then passing the brow of the hill, he 
saw the audience sitting on the level below. He went 
home and told his wife that God's promises were sure, 
and that religion would finally prevail everywhere. He 
said, " these must be good people — [ am not afraid to go 
among them." Though he could not understand Eng- 
lish yet he afterwards constantly attended their meetings. 

Hark, hark ! what voices rise in sweetest notes, 

Borne on the autumn breeze ; 
What strain of heavenly music floats 

Amid the whispering trees ? 

I« it a far off seraph angel song 

Comes downward from the skies, 
So sweetly swells, and rurjl?. ji»." peals along 

In soirit melodies ? 

So asks the wondering good man as he strayed 

And heard the melting ray 
Rise o'er the valley, up the hill, the glade. 

Around his winding way. 

For only in these lonely wilds before 

His listening ear had heard 
The panther's horrid scream, the winds deep roar, 

Or notes of woodland bird. 



191 

It was new England's hardy wandering band, 

That gathered in these woods, 
Sang the sweet hymns of far off native land, 

Amid these solitudes. 

The dark old forests wild, re-echoed there 

The chorus as they sung. 
And with their sweetest notes of praise and prayer 

The woodland arches rung. 

The thoughts of distant home came back again, 

The sweet sad memories. 
And mournful tears were mingled with the strain 

That floated to the skies. 

But he who spell-bound paused that strain to hear, 

Glad on his way returned 
And told his household, one above was near 

Whose promise he had learned. 

Oh sweetest tones of heavenly melody, 

That on the stillness broke, 
It was our kindest Father's voice on high 

That with your music &poke. 

Not in the rolling thunder's awful voice. 

Not in the lightning's glare. 
But swelling tones that made the heart rejoice 

Proclaimed that God was there. 



192 




ATTACK ON BROOKFIELD. 

In August, 1675, soon after the commencement of 
Philip's war, the little town of Brookfield, Mass., was 
attacked by the savages. The people of the village, 
about seventy persons in all, on the first alarm fled to a 
house slightly fortified, which was soon surrounded by 
the enemy, who, for two days and nights, endeavoured 
to destroy the house, or its inmates. For this purpose 
they shot burning arrows, and thrust long poles with fire- 
brands at the ends toward the house. This proving in- 
effectual, the savages filled a cart with hemp, flax and 
other combustible matter, and setting it on fire, thrust it 
forward towards the house by long poles spliced to- 
gether. The destruction of the poor people now seemed 
inevitable. At this critical time an unexpected shower 
of rain put out the fire. 



193 ^ " 

Major Willard, at this time, was at Lancaster with a 
company of forty-eight horsemen, hearing of the critical 
situation of the people at Brookfield, hastened on about 
thirty miles, and reached the besieged garrison in the 
night. A drove of cattle which had been frightened from 
the place by the yells and firing of the Indians, happen- 
ing to be on the route, which Major Willard took, fell 
into his rear, and followed him into the village. The 
Indians " hearing the noise of a great host,^^ fled like the 
Syrians that were encamped against Samaria. 

The villagers in terror fled, dismayed. 

Beneath an humble roof a shelter made. 

Pursued by foes with deadly hate inspired, 

Their herds are scattered, and their homes are fired. 

The murderous fiery arrow flies in vain. 
See now on wheels they forward send the flame : 
God only now can save — on him thay call. 
Their cry is heard : the rain-drops quickly fall. 

Quenched is the flame, but still the foes draw near. 
But God protects them, and they feel no fear ; 
A troop of horsemen through the twilight shade. 
Are heard far off*; they come to give them aid. 

The noise of trampling hoofs is heard around, 
The scattered cattle in the troop are found, 
The savage band now deem that hosts are nigh. 
And quick into their native forests fly. 

So thus Samaria lay besieged of old. 

As in the page of holy writ 'tis told : 

The warlike Syrian hosts were made to hear, 

The sound of horses, chariots, thundering near. 

With wild amaze, they trembling, quickly fled, 
The city's saved, the famished poor are fed ; 
So thus the Lord will guard with kindly care, 
His suffering chosen people everywhere. 
17 



194 




DESTRUCTION OF SCHENECTADY. 

Vn the war between England and France, the French, 
when they were in the possession of Canada, incited the 
Indians to fall on the frontier settlements, and often ac- 
companied them in their expeditions. On February 8th, 
1690, a body of 200 French and fifty Mohawk Indians, 
after marching twenty-two days, came to Schenectady. 
On Saturday evening, about midnight, the French and 
Indians entered the place through a gate which had been 
carelessly left open. In order that every house might be 
surprised nearly at the same time, they divided them- 
selves into parties of six or seven each. The inhabi- 
tants were in a deep sleep, an d the first notice they had 
of the enemy was given by their horrid yells at their 
doors. In this dreadful surprise and consternation it was 
in vain to resist, and this wretched people became an 
easy prey to their enemies after suffering the most horrid 
atrocities too shocking to relate. 



195^ 

Sixty-three persons were killed and twenty-seven carried into 
captivity. A few persons effected their escape towards Albany 
with no other covering but their night clothes, the distress of whose 
condition was much enhanced by a great fall of snow, twenty-five 
of whom lost their limbs from the severity of the frost. 

It was the hour of night, 

And weary eyes had closed in quiet sleep, 
And hearts were revelling in the visions bright. 
The happy dreams that come with slumber's deep : 
Stern, wintry freezing midnight reigns around 
All, all is hushed in silence, deep, profound. 

And far around was spread 

The fleecy mantle of the winter's snow, 
The trees were stiff with ice : all foliage dead, 
And the dark earth lay frozen far below. 
No faithful sentry paced their dwellings past. 
Or braved that midnight hour, the freezing blast. 

There seemed no danger nigh ; 

And thus they slept, unconscious yet of ill ; 
Hark, hark ! close by, the savage fearful cry 
Bursts on the chilly air, the war-cry shrill ! 
Rouse, rouse from sleep ! the foe, the foe is near ! 
With fearful shouts, their horrid forms appear. 

Hear on the midnight air 

A voice of wailing with the savage yell. 
The child's faint shriek, the mother's dying prayer. 
The piercing cry for mercy wildly swell, 
And flashing see, where blood in streams is poured 
The Indian's tomahawk, and the Frenchman's sword. 

Oh, wild and fearful night ! 

Oh night of horror ! thus to usher in 
That Sabbath day of rest, of calm delight 

Which they were wont with praises to begin. 
Now scattered wide, the morning's early glow 
Showed blackened 9,shes round, and blood-stain'd snow. 



1)6 




ESCAPE OF THE DUSTAN FAMILY. 

On the 15th of March, 1697, the Indians made a des- 
perate attack upon Haverhill, Mass., murdering and cap- 
turing nearly forty of the mhabitants» They approached 
the house of Thomas Dustan, who was at that time en- 
gaged at his daily labor. Mr. Dustan hearing the yells 
of the savages, seized his gun, mounted his horse, and 
hastened to his house with the hope of hurrying them to 
a place of safety. His M'ife (who had been recently 
confined) was trembling for her safety, and the children 
weeping and calling on their mother for protection. He 
instantly ordered seven of his children to fly in an oppo- 
site direction from that in which the danger was ap- 
proaching, and went himself to assist his wife. But he 
was too late — before she could rise from her bed the 
Indians were upon them. 



197 

Seeing there was no hope of saving his wife, Mr. 
Dustan mounted his horse, and rode full speed after his: 
flying children. The agonized father supposing it im* 
possible to save but one, determined to seize the on© 
most dear to him and leave the rest to their fate. H© 
looked for the favorite child from the eldest to th© 
youngest but he could not find it, all called him father,, 
and stretched out their little hands toward him for pro- 
tection. He could not make a selection, and therefor© 
resolved to live or die with them all. 

A party of the Indians pursued Mr. Dustan as he fled 
from the house in pursuit of him and his children. He 
dismounted from his horse, placed himself in the rear of 
his children, and returned the fire of the enemy often and 
with good success. In this manner he retreated for 
more than a mile, alternately encouraging his children 
and loading and firing his gun, until they all arrived at a 
place of safety. 

Mrs. Dustan also escaped in a most remarkable man- 
ner. After killing her infant, the Indians took her and 
her nurse off with them to a small island, since called 
Dustan's Island, in the river above Concord, in New 
Hampshire. After staying here for a short time, they 
were informed that they must soon start for a distant set- 
tlement, where they would be obliged to run the gauntlet 
stripped of their clothing. This they determined to avoid 
or perish in the attempt. Being assisted by an English 
lad, and arming themselves with tomahawks, they arose 
in the night, and when the Indians were asleep killed teij! 
of twelve Indians on the island, took off their scalps, 
sailed down the river and made their escape to the set-, 
tlements. 



17* 



198 




BURIAL OF MR. TREAT. 

One of the greatest snows in this country fell in February, 1717. 
It was so deep that people stepped out of their chamber windows 
on snow shoes. With the fall of snow there was a great tempest 
which was so violent that all communication with near neighbors 
for a time ceased. Great numbers of cattle were destroyed, many 
of whom were found dead standing on their feet as if alive many 
weeks afterwards, when the snow had melted away. 

It was during this storm that Mr. Treat, the first min- 
nister at Eastham, on Cape Cod, died. He was distin- 
guished for his evangelical zeal and labors, not only 
among his own people, but also among the Indians in his 
vicinity ; and he was the instrument of converting many 
of them to the Christian faith. He learnt their language, 
visited them at their wigwams, and by his kindness and 
affability, won their affections ; they venerated him as 
their pastor, and loved him as their father. At the time 



199 

of his death the roads were impassable owing to the 
great depth of snow. His body was therefore kept sev- 
eral days, till an arch could be dug through which it 
could be borne to the grave, the Indians, at their earnest 
request, being permitted, in turn, to carry the corpse, and 
thus pay the last tribute of respect to the remains of their 
beloved pastor. 

They bore him to his grave. 

Not through the vallies clothed in smiling green, 
They saw not round their path the long grass wave, 

Nor the blue sky above, with smiles serene. 

They laid him down to rest. 

Not in the church-yard where his fathers lay ; 
No waving willows murmured o'er his breast. 

No summer birds made music on the spray. 

No ! through the chilling snow, 

Whose fleecy mantle far and wide was spread, 
When the cold earth lay frozen far below. 

With steps unequal, bore they on their dead. 

On through the bitter cold, 

The Indians bore their pastor to his rest ; 
Deep in that snowy mantle's chilly fold. 

And the white shroud of winter on his breast. 

But in that world of Light, 

To which so oft he turned their spirit's gaze, 
Trusting that he had joined the Seraphs bright. 

That ever dwell 'neath Eden's noontide rays. 

Where there shall be no snow, 

No tempest blast, but endless summer reigns, 
And Life's fair River sparkles in the glow 

Of Heaven's own glory o'er these boundless plains ! 

E. 6. B. 



200 




SWEDISH CHURCH AT WILMINGTON, DEL. 

The first permanent settlements along the Delaware 
were made by the Swedes. The successful enterprise 
of the Dutch at New Amsterdam, (New York,) awa- 
kened the attention of Gustavus Adolphus, the illustrious 
monarch of Sweden, who now determined to plant a 
colony in the new world. His death, in 1632, prevented 
his main project, but it was revived, on a smaller scale, 
under the minority of Queen Christiana, and a number of 
Swedish vessels were sent to the Delaware with colo- 
nists. They first landed on a spot near Cape Henlopen, 
and were so charmed with the appearance of the place 
that they called it Paradise. They proceeded up the river 
and made a settlement on Christiana Creek. As " the 
Swedes never left their religion behind them" they paid 
the earliest attention to its institutions. The church rep- 
resented in the engraving was built of stone in 1698, 
near the banks of the Christiana. It is said that the 
Swedish women assisted in its erection, by preparing 
mortar, and conveying it to the workmen. 



201 

O'er the Atlantic's wilderness of waters 

From the far Northland, cold, and bleak, and dark, 

There came a band of Sweden's sons and daughters. 
And hither turned their wandering storm- toss'd bark. 

Here from the hearths of new found homes repairing. 
Thro' long long days of toil, their church they reared, 

Here women came, their cheerful labor sharing, 
With heart and hand and smile their labor cheered. 

Here bowed the matron, and the blue eyed maiden, 
And stalwart manhood, stout of heart and hand ; 

The '* faint old man," with years and labor laden. 
The grey-haired pastor of the exile band. 

And while the shadows, in the east are speading 

Their sombre mantle over earth and sea, 
"With reverent steps, his lowly pathway treading. 

Relic of olden time, I come to thee ! 

Scathed by the tempest, dark with years, and hoary, 
Thy tower is crowned with fading sunlight now, 

Pure as the halo, with its golden glory. 
Old painters wreathed around some sainted brow. 

How changed the scene ! the Swedish sires have slumbered 
For many a year, beside this silver stream ; 

Those days of old, by hoary ages numbered. 
Have fled with all their changes, Uke a dream. 

In the sweet blush, the snowy sails are gleaming, 

Fair Christiana, on thy placid breast. 
Floating like white-winged spirits in our dreaming. 

Slowly and softly past this place of rest. 

Years, that have marked the rise and fall of nations. 
Have smiled on Sweden's lone and exile band. 

Have seen amid earth's widening generations, 
Their beauteous homes that rise in this fair land. 

Farewell old church ! may coming years long spare thee. 

To be as now, a spot of broad renown. 
And the green banks of Christiana wear thee, 

A fadeless gem, amid old History's crown. E. g. ] 



202 




CHURCH OF THE BLIND PREACHER. 

The above is a representation of a wooden building in 
a forest near the little village of Goi*donville, Orange 
county, about seventy miles from Richmond, Va. Though 
an humble structure, yet it possesses a peculiar interest, 
from its being the building in which was heard the thrill- 
ing eloquence of the " Blind Preacher,^' so enthusiasti- 
cally described by Mr. Wirt in the celebrated work en- 
titled the " British Spy." This blind preacher was James 
Waddel, D.D., for a long period a Presbyterian clergy- 
man in Virginia, who died in 1805, at the age of seventy 
years. In the latter part of his life he was afflicted with 
blindness, and it was during this period, in 1803, he was 
heard by Mr. Wirt. 

It was one Sunday, (says Mr. Wirt,) as I travelled 
through the county of Orange, that my eye was caught 
by a cluster of horses tied near a ruinous old wooocjn 
house in the forest, not far froni the road side, Having 



203 

frequently seen such objects before in travelling through 
these states, I had no difficulty in understanding that this 
was a place of religious worship. 

Devotion alone should have stopped me, to join in the duties of 
the congregation ; but I must confess to hear the preacher of such 
a vk'ilderness was not the least of my motives. On entering, I was 
struck with his preternatural appearance. He was a tali and very 
spare old man. His head, which was covered with a white linen 
cap, his shrivelled hands, and his voice, were all shaking under the 
influence of a palsy ; and a few moments ascertained to me that he 
was perfectly bUnd. 

The first emotions which touched my breast were those of ming- 
led pity and veneration. But ah ! sacred God ! how soon were all 
my feelings changed ! The lips of Plato were never more worthy 
of a swarm of bees, than were the lips of this holy man ! It was a 
day of the administration of the sacrament ; and his subject, of 
course, was the passion of our Saviour. I had heard the subject 
handled a thousand times. I had thought it exhausted long ago. 
Little did I suppose that in the wild woods of America I was to 
meet with a man whose eloquence would give to this topic a new 
and more sublime pathos than I had ever before witnessed. 

As he descended from the pulpit to distribute the mystic symbols, 
there was a peculiar, a more than human solemnity in his air and 
manner, which made my blood run cold and my whole frame 
shiver. 

He then drew a picture of the sufferings of our Saviour ; his trial 
before Pilate ; his ascent up Calvary ; his crucifixion, and his death. 
I knew the whole history ; but never, until then, had I heard the 
circumstances so selected, so arranged, so colored ! It was all 
new, and I seemed to have heard it for the first time in my life. 
His enunciation was so deHberate that his voice trembled on every 
syllable, and every heart in the assembly trembled in unison. His 
peculiar phrases had that force of description that the original scene 
appeared to be, at that moment, acting before our eyes. We saw 
the very faces of the Jews : the staring, frightful distortions of mahce 
and rage. We saw the buffet ; my soul kindled with a flame of 
indignation, and my hands were involuntarily and convulsively 
clenched. 

But when he came to touch on the patience, the forgiving meek- 
ness of our Saviour; when he drew, to the life, his blessed eyes 
streaming in tears to heaven ; his voice breathing to God a gentle 
prayer of pardon on his enemies, " Father, forgive them, for they 
know not what they do" — the voice of the preacher, which had all 
along faltered, grew fainter and fainter, until his utterance being 



204 

entirely obstructed by the force of his feelings, he raised his hand- 
kerchief to his eyes, and burst into a loud and irrepressible flood of 
grief. The effect is inconceivable. The whole house resounded 
with the mingled groans, and sobs, and shrieks of the congrega- 
tion. 

It was some time before the tumult had subsided so far as to per- 
mit him to proceed. Indeed, judging by the usual, but fallacious 
stand of my own weakness, I began to be very uneasy for the situ- 
ation of the preacher. For I could not conceive how he would be 
able to let his audience down from the height to which he had 
wound them, without impairing the solemnity and dignity of his 
subject, or perhaps shocking them by the abruptness of the fall. 
But — no ; the descent was as beautiful and sublime as the elevation 
had been rapid and enthusiastic. 

The first sentence, with which he broke the awful silence, was a 
quotation from Roussea, " Socrates died like a philosopher, but 
Jesus Christ like a God." 

This man has been before my imagination ever since. A thou- 
sand times, as I rode along, I dropped the reins of my bridle, 
stretched forth my hand, and tried to imitate his quotation from 
Rousseau ; a thousand times I abandoned the attempt in despair, 
and felt persuaded that his peculiar manner and power arose from 
an energy of soul which nature could give, but which no human 
being could justly copy. In short, he seems to be altogether a 
being of a former age, or of a totally different nature from the rest 
of men. As I recall, at this moment, several of his striking at- 
titudes, the chiUing tide, with which my blood begins to pour 
along my arteries, reminds me of the emotions produced by the 
first sight of Gray's introductory picture of his bard : 

" On a rock, whose haughty brow, 

Frowns o'er old Conway's foaming flood. 
Robed in the sable garb of woe. 

With haggard eyes the poet stood ; 
(Loose his beard and hoary hair 
Streamed, Uke a meteor, to the troubled air:) 
And with a poet's hand and prophet's fire. 
Struck the deep sorrows of his lyre." 



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